BEC考官教你商务英语写作 第二章非图表描述：Unit 1 线形图和柱状图描述

和文字叙述相比，图表可以将信息表达或传递得更简单化、更加清晰，图表凭其直观性能够有效地吸引读者的注意力并生动地传达复杂的信息。因此图表在日常商业运作中是一种常见并常用的方式。
为了能将图表描述清楚，我们需要学会有关的表达方法。本章将对图表描述进行介绍。

图表描述的基本句型
为了将上面的图表描述清楚，我们首先描述2-3月和1-2月的变化情况，因为两段都是呈上升趋势。我们可以用以下几种句型表达：
>句型一
结构： 主语+表示趋势的动词+副词+时间状语
例：sales of computers increased sharply from february to march.
>句型二
结构：（形式）主语+动词+形容词+表示趋势的名词+时间状语+in描述的事物
例：it showed a small increase from january to february in sales of computers.
there was a slight increase from january to february in sales of computers.

描述趋势变化的动词与名词
趋势变化无外乎三种运动方向：向上、向下、不变。因此，依托上面两种举行，我们还需要了解表达三种趋势变化的动词形式（适用句型一）和名词形式（适用句型二）。

upward trend 上升趋势
> 句型一
verbs to show increase 表达上升趋势的动

一般意义上的上升 to go up 上升
to rise 上升
to climb 爬升 to exceed 超过
to overtake 超过 to increase增长
to grow 增长 急剧上升 to jump 上涨
to surge 急剧上涨 to rocket 急剧上涨，猛涨
to soar 剧增，骤升 to shoot up 暴涨
to take off 成功飞起 在环境不好的情况下的改善 to improve 改善 to recover 恢复 to pick up 改善 上升到极值 to peak 到达顶峰 to reach a peak 到达顶峰

在图表写作中，必须注意图标列出的时间点是过去、现在还是将来。对于上表所列出的动词的过去式和过去分词形式见下表：

动词 过去式 过去分词 go went gone rise rose risen increase increased increased climb climbed climbed grow grew grown exceed]vt. 超过；胜过 exceeded exceeded overtake overtook overtaken jump jumped jumped rocket vi.迅速增加 rocketed rocketed shoot shot shot surge surged surged take took taken improve improved improved pick picked picked peak peaked peaked reach reached reached recover recovered recovered

> 句型二
nouns to show increase 表达上升趋势的名词

a recovery 恢复 reach a peak 达到峰值 a jump 突升 a surge 上涨 a rise 上升 an increase 增加 growth 增长 an improvement 提高

downward trend下降趋势
>句型一
verbs to show decrease 表达下降趋势的动词

一般意义上的下降 to go down 下降
to decline 下降
to fall 下降 to decrease 减少
to reduce 减少
to drop 下跌 to dip 下降一点 急剧下降 to plunge急剧下降
to plummet 急剧下降 so slide 下滑 to collapse 急剧下滑；
（价格）暴跌 降到极值 to reach a trough 降到谷底
to hit/fall to the lowest point 降到谷底 to bottom out 降到最低点，
停止下降并即将回升

表示下降的动词的过去式和过去分词：

动词 过去式 过去分词 go went gone fall fell fallen decrease decreased decreased drop dropped dropped decline declined declined dip dipped dipped reduce reduced reduced reach reached reached hit hit hit bottom bottomed bottomed plunge plunged plunged plummet plummeted plummeted slide slide slide collapse collapsed collapsed

>句型二
nouns to show decrease 表达下降趋势的名词

a fall 下降
a decline 下降 a decrease 减少
reduction 减少 a collapse 下滑
a drop 下跌

verbs or verb phrases to show stable 表示不便的动词或动词短语

remain the same 保持不变
remain stable 保持不变
remain unchanged 保持不变
remain constant 保持不变（adj.不变的）
remain steady 保持平稳（adj.平稳的） show little change 几乎没有变化
level off/out 稳定下来（过去式： leveled）
plateau n.(上升后)的稳定水平（或时期）

限制趋势变化的形容词和副词
即使你已经掌握了描述趋势的句型和短语，你也可能会发现上升与上升之间也不一样。例如前面的“sales of computers”线形图中1-2月和2-3月之间的上升程度不一样。其中后者的幅度要大的多。因此这里就需要用相应的形容词和副词来修饰它们的变化。
在刚刚提及的两个句型中，我们需要用副词来满足第一个句型的要求，而要用形容次才能满足第二个句型的要求。
例如：
1. 结构 ：形式主语+表示趋势的动词+副词+时间状语
it increased sharply from february to march.
2. 结构：（形式）主语+动词+形容词+表示趋势的名词+时间状语
it showed a small increase from january to february.
there was a slight increase from january to february.

下面列出常用的限定并修饰趋势变化的形容词和副词。

形容词 副词 steady['stedɪ]adj. 稳定的；
the sales of computer showed a steady increase in the past quarter. show little change 几乎没有变化
level off/out 稳定下来（过去式： leveled）
plateau n.(上升后)的稳定水平（或时期） gradual ['grædʒʊəl] 渐渐的 gradully渐渐地 slight [slaɪt] 微微的
the production of timber showed a slight fall in the past quarter. slightly 微微地
the production of timber fell slightly. gentle ['dʒent(ə)l] 微微的 gently 微微地

slow 慢慢的（频度词汇）
it showed a slow growth.

慢慢地（频度词汇）
it grew slowly. considerable 相当的 considerably 相当地 noticeable['nəʊtɪsəb(ə)l]明显的，显而易见的 noticeably 明显地 marked 明显的 markedly明显地 sharp 急剧的 sharply 急剧地 dramatic 戏剧性的，巨大的 dramatically 戏剧性地，巨大地 substantial 相当的 substantially 相当地 rapid 快的(频度词汇) rapidly 快地（频度词汇） enormous 巨大的 enormously 巨大地

总结：
1）常用曲线图描述语

2）常用变化程度词语

3）常用图表阐述语



数据的加入
其实即使使用了形容词或副词对趋势的变化加以限定，有时也是很有抽象和模糊的。只有引入数据的限定才是最为准确的。要想在两种举行中加入数据就需要使用以下三组介词。
当我们要描述“从...上升（下降）到...",可以用”from...to...“。例如：
the sales of computers improved from 25 units to 30 units.(电脑的销售改善了，从25台增长到了30台。)
the enrollment dipped from 39 students in november to 20 students in december.(学生入学人数从11月份的39人下降到12月份的20人) enrolment n.登记；入会；入伍；登记人数
当我们要描述变化的幅度时，我们用介词by 或 of。 例如：
the sales of computers rose from 25 units to 30 units. the sales rose by 5 units.(电脑的销售从25台增长到30台，增加了5台。)---- 表示趋势的动词+by
the sales of computers rose from 25 units to 30 units. they showed an increase of 5 units.(电脑的销售量从25台增长到30台，增加了5台。)----表示趋势的名词+of
当我们要描述一组数据的起点、最高点以及终点时，应该使用介词at。例如：
the sales started at 2 units.(最初的销量是2台)
it peaked at 10 units.(销售最好时达到了10台)
it finished at 2 units.(销售结束时销售是2台)

下面是一副汽车生产的趋势变化图和对这幅图的一段较为准确的描述。描述中加入了数据，并准确地使用了介词。请大家学习该段中使用介词表达数据的方法。

for the first three months car production increased from about five cars per month to just under 60 per month. this was an increase of about 55 cars produced for the period. over the next six months the number of cars produced fluctuated at around 50 cars per month. for a period of five months' production remained at approximately just over 50 cars per month. there was a slight upward trend for the next seven months to a peak of nearly 80 cars produced per month before production decreased rapidly by about 70 cars per month to around 10 cars per month.
fluctuate vi.波动，变动；动摇
approximately ad.大概；近乎

“大约”和“大概”
在描述线形图和柱状图时，读者在很多情况下无法准确找到坐标上的具体数值。这时就需要引入“大约”和“大概”这样的词语让图表描述更加准确和客观。下面是常用的一些表示“大约”和“大概”的短语或单词

just under roughly 粗略地；大体上；大约 well under nearly almost just over approximately well over around about

前面的“sales of computers”线形图可以写出以下这些句子：
the sales started at about 15 units in january.
the sales started at just under 20 unit in january.
the sales then rose to approximately 90 units in march.
the sales fell to around 60 units in april.

描述趋势
为了更有效的描述一副图表，对图表有深刻的理解和阐释，你还应该抓住该幅图表的变化趋势，而不是若干个细节性的变化。参看下面这幅图你有两种方法来描述，一种是逐月描述，像在记流水账一样；另一种则是将这些变化分割成三段，即从一月到七月之间上升为一段，七月到九月的波动为一段，最后是九月到十二月的下降趋势为一段。两种方法一对比，大家就会感觉到，第二种写法更清楚有效地向读者展示出游客旅游的变化规律。
下面是这段的参考写法。

from january there was an upward trend in the number of tourists and it rearched a peack in july.then from july to september the number of tourists fluctuated.from septermber to december there was a downward trend in the number of tourists with a slight rise in october.
tourist n. 旅行者，观光客

下面请大家对照下图学习有关趋势描述的短语或者句型。

时间的表达与时态的应用
对于前面的“sales of customers”线形图中一月到二月之间的变化我们可以写成：
from january to february, there was a slight increase in sales.
我们还可以写成：
for one month, there are a slight increase in sales.
for a period of one month, there was a slight increase in sales.
只有变换时间和表达才能让行文不至于枯燥乏味。
时间的表达还有：

between 1980 and 1990 in 1980 since 1980 over the last twelve months in the first six months by december last year in january

在运用以上这些时间表达方法时，一定要注意与相应的时态配合好。

时态的运用
当你看到图表表达的主题发生在过去某个具体的时间时，你就应使用过去时。如果某幅图表是对未来某个事物的预测，那么应该选择将来时。如果某幅图表发生在截至到今天为止，那么则需要用现在完成时来描述。
以上只有一些大的框架原则，具体在描述时还需要一句具体情况而定，尤其是要结合你选用的时间状语表达法。
例如：
between 1980 and 1990, the number of tourists rose steadily.(一般过去时)
in 1980, most people bought goods from small shops.(一般过去时)
since the year 2000, most people have bought goods from large supermarkets in the immediate community.(现在完成时)
by december last year, the share price had fallen sharply.(过去完成时)

主语的变化
写主语也应该考虑多角度变换措辞来增强行文的可读性。如前文的“sales of computers”线形图我们可以选择两种方式做主语：
1. sales/the sales of computers.
2. computer sales
也就是说一种是通过“the”+measurable of quantity +“of” +topic 构成，另外一种则是根据描述的主题直接说明。如：
话题1： migrants ['maɪgr(ə)nt]adj. 移居的；流浪的
我们可以用两种方法描述：1.the number of migrants; 2.migrant numbers。
话题2：land
我们可以用两种方法来描述：1.the area of land; 2.land area。

比较和对比
为了能将图表中的信息表达得更清晰，往往会需要用到对比和比较。在进行对比和比较时你需要用到一下这些单词或短语。

to contrast 对比，对照 to compare 比较，对照 whereas[weər'æz]conj. 然而；鉴于；反之;
whereas the following incidents have occurred...
鉴于下列事件已发生... likewise ['laɪkwaɪz]adv. 同样地；也
what is fair for homeowners likewise should be fair to businesses.对私房业主公平的，同样也该对商家公平 while/whilst= while 当…的时候 (表示两事同时发生) similarly ['sɪməlɚli] adv. 同样地；类似于 however conj.然而，可是，不过 as... as on the other hand 另一方面 just as 1. 正如；正像 2. 正在…的时候；正当…时 nevertheless ad.仍然，不过，然而 like more...than alike different from to mirror differ(ence) to have in common 有共同之处 although in contrast to 与...形成对比；与...相比 conversely ad.逆；相反地 unlike a.不同的

为了能更清楚地显示上述短语或单词的用法。下面给出其中一些词语的例句示范。
例一.

in 1980 39% of rural dwellers had drinking waters compared with 50% in 1990 .
whereas in 1990 50% had it.

rural adj. 农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的
dweller ['dwelə] n. 居民，居住者
(在1980年，只有39%的农村居民能喝到饮用水，而1990年则有50%的村民能喝到洁净的饮用水)
*说明：compare with 的后面一定要用名词，而whereas是从句连接词，其后必须跟完整的句子。
例二.

more
fewer urban
rural dwellers have a water supply than rural dwellers.
urban dwellers.

城市居民得到饮用水的人数比农村居民得到饮用水的人数多；
农村居民得到饮用水的人数比城市居民得到饮用水的人数少。

以上就是图表写作中线条图和柱状图的写作步骤。下面是大家按步骤操作时需要牢记的几点注意事项：
describing trends 描述趋势
describing increase and decrease 描述上升、下降
incorporating data 加入数据 incorporate vt.包含；加上；吸收
writing appropriate and varied sentence patterns 使用适当、多变化的句型
writing about varied time periods 使用形式变化的时间状语来描述图表。

practice 练习
1、请用本届学习到的单词或短语将下列图表的变化用文字形式描述出来。

2、根据下列图表用短语来描述它们的变化情况。


3、用适当的介词填空。
a. the shares peacked______23p in july.
b. sales fell_____$3m______$6m.
c. there was an increase______just over 50 thousand people.
d. in the first decade the population remained steady_______ approximately 5 million.
e. there was a decrease______net profit.
f. sales rose______$3m. this was a rise_______approximately 2%.
g. employment fell______just over 123 000 people.
h. violence in the city peaked____about 1200 deaths per 1000 people.
i. after an initial increase, the city pollution levels remained constant______5 pm.
j. the population is expected to grow sharply over the next few years and then peak_____30 million people.
k.the production of goods is predicted to finish the year______40 units per day.
l. production began____50 units per day and rose_____about 21 units per day to end the month____well over 500 units.

参考答案：at/from/to/of/at/in/by/of/to/to/at/at/at/by/at

4、根据图表逐一完成下列问题：

a. is the graph about people or vehicle?
b. what do the numbers along the horizontal axis represent?
c. what do the numbers on the vertical axis represent?
d. now include the time period. use: since 1960(over a 40-year period) between 1960 and 2000
f. now include the number of car owners in both sentences.(this may mean that you have to reorganise your sentence.)
vehicle ['viːɪk(ə)l] n.车辆 horizontal [hɒrɪ'zɒnt(ə)l] a. 水平的 n.水平线；水平面 axis 轴线 represent vi.代表，象征；代表、代理；扮演
vertical [ˈvɜ:tɪkl] a.垂直的；竖的，立式的
5、 请看下面的三幅图表，先用一句描述出该图表的主题，然后对其趋势变化进行描述。

6、 参看本单元的“number of new model cars produced”线形图，用一个单词或短语将下面这段描述补充完整。
there was a（n）_________________ in car production for the first three months. for the next six months the number of cars produced___________. the for five months production__________.there was a slight_______over the next seven months before it___________ for the final three months.
7、请根据下图回答问题。

a. what tense will you use to describe it?
b. write four sentences about the trends you can see in the above graph. see how many different types of structures you can produce and write them all down. practice using the words stable, fewer,rise,sales,peak,drop.popuar.
8、变化注意的练习。

topic the +measurable quantity +of+topic alternative land the area of land insurance insurance costs unemployment female salaries

9、图表写作练习。请你根据下面题目的要求把该图表描述出来。
a. the graphs below show the changing share prices of two private companies that went public and issued shares on the stock exchange. both companies were eventually bought back by their previous owners.
using the information from the graphs, write a short report describing the general movement of the share prices and comparing the performance of the two companies between the issue date and the buy-back date.

b. the graph below shows development in the ownership of mobile telephones as percentage of telephones owned.
using the information from the graph,write a short report on changes in telephone ownership.