224 Human Violence
224 人类暴力
War may be a natural expression of biological instinct and drives toward aggression in the human species. natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence can not be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.
斗争是生物本能的自然表达方式，它推动了人类的攻击性行为。愤怒，敌意和守卫地盘等天生的动力通过暴力行为表现出来，这是人类和动物所共有的特点。攻击性是一种天生的生存机制，它受自我保护的本能驱使，可以保护动物免受威胁，但另一方面，人类的暴力则表现出了习得性行为的特点。人类的攻击性行为绝不仅仅出自本能。人类暴力的很多表达方式都受到了当时社会习俗的影响从而制约着攻击性行为。人类社会中的暴力具有一种社会功能，它往往是为了建立或推翻某种形式的社会秩序而采取的一项策略。宗教传统在人类的暴力行为上起着指导性作用，我们可以从宗教礼仪和道德的模式中看出人类暴力是怎么被引导的。
The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law .The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
社会中的暴力会受法律机构的制约。法制越完善，社会就会在发现，控制和惩罚暴力行为上担负起更大的责任。在大多数的部落社会中，对付暴力的唯一办法就是复仇，每个家族可能都承担着由个人来对犯罪的人实行裁决和惩罚的责任。但在法制社会中，复仇不再是一种个人行为，社会承担起了保护个体免受暴力侵犯的责任。当个体受到侵犯时，也是由社会负责实施惩罚：同样在法制国家内，个人从有暴力行为激发的复仇圈子中解脱出来，而由国家承担起保护他们的责任。
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. while the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.
国家法制机构的另—个方面是国家的军事机构。它一方面保护了个体不受暴力威胁，另一方面又让个体为了国家的利益而牺牲自己。战争中，国家对其境内的个体行使着最高权利。战争不仅仅是国家间为了解决争端的一种手段，它也是—个国家行使权利要求其公民承担义务，忠诚和作出牺牲的关键时刻。战争时期最能考验—个社会所具有的最为深厚的宗教和道德责任。