3. The“V”Sign
The palm-forward“V”sign, formed by raising and spreading the first two fingers1 ,has three different meanings in American culture.The most popular meaning of the“V”sign was invented in 1941 by a Belgian, Victor De Lavalaye. Wanting a symbol for resistance to the Nazi2 occupation, he came up with the single letter“V”, which stood not only for his own first name3, but also for English victory, Flemish virijheid, and French victoire. The symbolism of the sign spread very quickly, and Winston Churchill4 used it constantly in public appearance. Thus throughout the 1940 s and 1950 s, the gesture meant simply“victory”.The second meaning came in the 1960 s. Because of its military implication, Americanantiwar protestors used the sign sarcastically against the arms, so that it became known as the“ peace sign”. In the 1970s, the“V”sign , which had lost its military implication, was a common greeting among freedom lovers, acid heads5, political radicals, and ultimately, young people in general. So by about the middle of the 1970s, it ceased to give clue to the user’s philosophy. The third meaning is the oldest and least common. American children jokingly put“V”, which resembles“ horns”, behind friends’heads in group snapshots. The are unknowingly reproducing something that southern Europeans would find highly offensive. This mischief, called“horns of the Devil”, is a variant of the European“ horns”gesture, which is obscene. Here the“V”sign means“Your wife has been cheating on you ”or, when placed behind another’s head,“His wife has been cheating on him”. In the United States, the gesture is typically given with the palm facing the viewer. The British use both this version and an older, palm-backward version; the latter is obscenein American culture, and corresponds to the American“ finger”6 . Churchill got some surprised stares in 1941 when, evidently unaware of the vulgar usage, he gave the palm-backward“V”to British troops. In England today you could have to be a social hermit not to understand the distinction. Astonishingly, however, Margaret Thatcher7 repeated Churchill’s error after her victory in the 1979 election.阅读导释
1. 这里指中指( middle finger) 和食指( forefinger 或index finger) 。其他三个指头分别是小指 ( little finger, 也称pinkie) 、无名指( ring finger) 和拇指( thumb) 。
2. Nazi adj. 纳粹的。纳粹是德国国家社会主义工人党的简称, 成立于1919 年。该党在希特勒的领导下, 对德国进行了十余年的法西斯统治, 对邻国发动了大规模的军事侵略, 并对犹太人实施种族灭绝政策。
3. 名, 又称given name, 本文里指Victor。欧美人的姓是family name 或last name。有些欧美人的姓与名之间还有名, 被称为middle name, 有的人还使用别名或化名( alias) 。
4. 温斯顿·邱吉尔( 1874—1965) , 英国保守党政治家、作家, 曾两度担任英国首相。第二次世界大战期间他领导英国人民对德作战, 为争取世界反法西斯战争的胜利做出了不可磨灭的贡献。他著有《二战回忆录》( Memoirs of the Second World War) 、《英语民族史》( AHistory of the English Speaking Peoples) 等书, 于1953 年获诺贝尔文学奖。邱吉尔晚年醉心于绘画, 并于1948 年当选为英国皇家艺术院特别会员。
5. 嗜用迷幻药者。在美国俚语中, acid 指“ 迷幻药”, head 则有“ 麻醉药品吸食者”的意思。
6. 与美国人竖起中指一样具有淫秽的含义。该句中的finger 指的是中指, 美国俚语里有give sb. the finger 这个短语, 意为“向某人伸出中指”, 有“ 侮辱别人或淫秽”的意思, 而掌心向内的V 形手势在美国文化里有着跟“伸出中指”相似的含义。
7. 玛格丽特·撒切尔, 1925 年生于一个小商人家庭, 1979 年首次当选为英国首相, 直到1990 年卸任。因其政治手段强硬, 故被世人誉为“ 铁娘子”。她在任时对英国的政治和经济影响巨大, 使英国的20 世纪80 年代被称为“ 撒切尔时代”。