part writing (30 minutes)
directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition according based on the topic newspapers. your part of writing should be no less than 120 words.
tape scripts
section a
directions: (omitted)
part i listening comprehension (30 minutes)
section a
directions: in this section you will hear 10 short conversations. at the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. after each question there will be a pause. during the pause, you must read the four choices marked a., b., c. and d., and decide which is the best answer. then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.
1. a. teacher—student b. lawyer—client
c. mother—son d. dentist—patient
2. a. the sixth floor b. the seventh floor
c. the fifth floor d. the eighth floor
3. a. jim always reveals other people's secrets intentionally.
b. it is very hard for jim to keep a secret.
c. jim is not reliable when he carries out a duty.
d. jim tends to tell his secrets only to reliable people.
4. a. next monday b. next wednesday
c. next thursday d. next tuesday
5. a. he will give sam a hand in writing his term paper.
b. he will go to sam's party after he finishes writing his term paper.
c. he will be too busy to attend sam's birthday party.
d. he has to hand in his term paper the following day.
6. a. mike is often in a bad temper and doesn't talk a lot.
b. mike is usually talkative and cheerful.
c. mike doesn't like to talk a lot in the presence of strangers.
d. mike has said a lot today.
7. a. the man should be very careful while driving.
b. the man can't be careful while driving in a fog.
c. it is very hard to concentrate while driving in a fog.
d. the man shouldn't have driven in the fog.
8. a. the man wants to know where they can get a new clock.
b. the man suggests that the woman should not buy a new clock.
c. the man means to take the old clock to the repairman himself.
d. the man suggests that the woman should purchase a new clock.
9. a. the woman is going to be a secretary after she graduates.
b. the woman will not become a secretary after she graduates.
c. the woman doesn't have any idea what kind of job she will have after she graduates.
d. the woman doesn't know if the man has any idea about her future job.
10. a. professor richardson's lectures on philosophy are always well attended.
b. students sometimes fall asleep in professor richardson's lectures on philosophy.
c. the front seats are very hard to get on campus.
d. professor richardson doesn't hold seminars and discussions in his lectures.
part ii reading comprehension (35 minutes)
directions: thereare 4 reading passages in this part. each passage is followed by somequestions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are fourchoices marked a., b., c. and d. you should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a singleline through the center.
questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
opinionpolls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whateverhappens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. thismeans we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employmentmore widely.
but we need to go further. we must ask somefundamental questions about the future work. should we continue totreat employment as the norm? should we not rather encourage many waysfor self—respecting people to work? should we not create conditions inwhich many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer?should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as wellas the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?
theindustrial age has been the only period of human history in which mostpeople's work has taken the form of jobs. the industrial age may now becoming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which itbrought may have to be reversed. this seems a daunting thought. but, infact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work.universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economicfreedom.
employment became widespread when the enclosures ofthe 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work bydepriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to providea living for themselves. then the factory system destroyed the cottageindustries and removed work from people's homes. later, as transportimproved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longerdistances to their places of employment until, eventually, manypeople's work lost all connection with their home lives and the placesin which they live.
meanwhile, employment put women at adisadvantage. in pre-industrial times, men and women had shared theproductive work of the household and village community. now it becamecustomary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving theunpaid work of the home and families to his wife. tax and benefitregulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexiblesharing of work roles between the sexes.
it was not only womenwhose work status suffered. as employment became the dominant form ofwork, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as moreteenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want tolive active lives.
all this may now have to change.
thetime has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away fromthe idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practicaltask of helping many people to manage without full—time jobs.
21. what is the main idea of the passage?
a. employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.
b. unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.
c. the industrial age may now be coming to an end.
d. some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with the problem of unemployment.
22. which of the following was not mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?
a. the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries
b. the development of factories
c. relief from housework on the part of women
d. development of modern means of transportation
23. it can be inferred from the passage that____.
a. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment may not be solved within a short period of time.
b. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructed.
c. in pre-industrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried out by women.
d. some of the changes in work patterns that the industrial age brought have been reversed.
24. what does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?
a. shocking b. interesting c. confusing d. stimulating
25. which of the following is not suggested as a possible means to cope with the current situation?
a. create situations in which people work for themselves
b. treat employment as the norm
c. endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production
d. encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions
questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
a fewyears ago a lone american campaigner wrote a book in which he set outthe main points of his fascinating crusade—to abolish television. hismanifesto (宣言、声明) four arguments for the elimination of television isan american cult bestseller, and after eight editions is stillgenerating concern and savage debate in the united states.
jerrymander, a former advertising expert，is convinced that for the sake ofour freedom, and mental and physical health, we should learn to livewithout television. through his advertising background mander is awareof how much of television is concerned with advertising. he sees theplanting of values for profit as a deep, profound and disturbing act bythe few against many, for a trivial purpose. and, even withoutcommercials, he sees tv as disturbing because it crams people's headswith images which alter the way they feel and behave. pictures formedby 300,000 tiny dancing dots altering 30 times per second, bombardtheir eyes as people scan the images 10 times a second. but, arguesmander, even if you reject or doubt what you see consciously, it is toolate, the crucial messages have gone home.
he further arguesthat tv is a deadening experience as it is restricted to just twosenses—sight and sound. perception is dulled and flattened, saysmander, when you can't feel and smell and totally experience an event.people are just sitting passively for up to four hours a night watchinga flickering screen and listening to artificial sound. “no culture inhistory has spent such an enormous amount of time looking at artificiallight," says mander,“and another worrying fact is that prolongedexposure to artificial light alters human cells which is why it isbeing used for certain medical treatment." researchers do not know iflife—long tv exposure is a physical risk or not, but as mander wouldargue, why run the risk? it is important that people get up now andswitch off before the harm is done—they might also become brainwashed,or, who knows, even moribund (濒死的).
31. the book four arguments for the elimination of television written by jerry mander ______.
a. received extensive public attention and sold very well
b. was meant to arouse heated public debate
c. enjoyed popularity among those who live without tv
d. won nationwide support
32. jerry mander expressed strong objection to advertising on tv mainly because______.
a. the amount of profits brought in by commercials on tv is very insignificant
b. he sees the planting of values for profit as a disturbing act
c. children are more susceptible to the influence of tv commercials
d. people spend too much time on tv commercials to do something meaningful
33. why does jerry mander see tv as a disturbing influence?
a. it is because people's eyes scan a tv screen 10 times a second.
b. it is because people's mind and behavior tend to be changed by tv.
c. it is because the conscious mind registers all images it perceives.
d. it is because it is ineffective in getting across its messages.
34. what does go home at the end of the second paragraph mean?
a. is taken indiscriminately b. is gone unnoticed
c. is taken for granted d. is perceived
35. jerry mander suggests that long periods of exposure to artificial light _____.
a. may cause brain damage
b. could lead to death
c. could endanger people's health
d. would alter the brain cells
part iii vocabulary and structure (20 minutes)
directions:there are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. for each sentence thereare four choices marked a., b., c. and d. choose the one that bestcompletes the sentence. then mark the corresponding letter on theanswer sheet with a single line through the center.
41. we have greatly _____ in our understanding of the human body and its various functions.
a. ameliorated b. achieved c. improved d. advanced
42. _____ , her proposal was quite reasonable; but in practice, we just can't make it work.
a. in part b. in certain extent c. in a way d. in a manner
43. at last his firm was _____ up by a multinational corporation.
a. swallowed b. devoured c. swigged d. gulped
44. it is _____ by the economists that the unemployment rate will take a downward turn next year.
a. foretold b. forecast c. predicted d. prophesied
45. the board deemed it urgent that these invitations _____ first thing tomorrow morning.
a. had to be put in the mail
b. must be put in the mail
c. be put in the mail
d. should have been put in the mail
46. foreign disinvestment and the _____ of south africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.
a. exception b. exclusion c. displacement d. elimination
47. they tried very hard to persuade him to change his mind but met with a flat_____.
a. decline b. rejection c. disapproval d. refusal
48. i just can't _____ how he managed to finish his report so soon. he said he was only halfway through it yesterday!
a. figure out b. work out c. look out d. draw out
49.by the nineteenth century, embroidery on men's clothing had _____disappeared except for the occasional decorative vest and tie.
a. unfortunately b. virtually c. promptly d. universally
50. nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _____ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
a. being combined b. having combined c. to combine d. combined
51.physics is the present-day equivalent of _____ used to be callednatural philosophy, _____ from most of present-day science arose.
a. which. what b. that. which c. what. which d. what. that
52. the mayor was asked to give a rough _____ of the cost of the construction of the new bridge.
a. assessment b. evaluation c. announcement d. estimate
53. on no account _____ ever leave the baby at home alone.
a. should you b. you should c. shall you d. you shall
54. _____ is the center of our planetary system was considered as heresy by the church in the middle ages.
a. it is the sun and not the earth
b. that the sun and not the earth
c. being the sun and not the earth
d. the sun and not the earth
55. _____ that incident, i'd rather not talk about it.
a. as b. as with c. as about d. as for
56. he _____ a lot of previous cases in his criminal law presentation.
a. quoted b. cited c. drew d. recalled
57. they have got no information _____ the plane is to take off.
a. as to b. as to when c. the time d. as to know
58. she is planning to spend _____ in europe this summer so that she can collect more information she needs for her thesis.
a. sometime b. some time c. some times d. sometimes
59.the reason that his property was confiscated by the country, it _____,was that he was involved in a lot of fraudulent activities during thewar.
a. was turned out b. was being turned out c. being turned out d. turned out
60. you should know better than _____ the african jungles all by yourself.
a. to explore b. exploring c. having explored d. to be exploring
61. i was talking with professor andrews on the phone the other day when suddenly we got _____.
a. hung up b. cut down c. cut off d. cut back
62. i'd rather you _____ by train because the weather forecast said there would be heavy snow tomorrow.
a. went b. should go c. will go d. go
63. i have said nothing like that. he intentionally _____ my ideas to achieve his personal ends.
a. revised b. distracted c. contradicted d. distorted
64. please put the dictionary back in place when you are _____ it.
a. completed b. done with c. over with d. finished using
65. don't disturb him. he's _____ his review for his english exam.
a. at b. with c. beyond d. on
66. there is a _____ difference among the cabinet members' opinions.
a. tremendous b. abundant c. fundamental d. awful
67. the medication the nurse gave me seems to have helped, but it's making me awfully_____.
a. drowsy b. unaware c. dreamy d. unconscious
68. it is strictly that access to classified dossiers (秘密文件) is denied to all but a few top _____ ranking officials.
a. secured b. regulated c. resolved d. determined
69. travelers are advised to use traveler's checks, which provide a secure _____ to carrying all the money in cash.
a. substitute b. alternative c. selection d. displacement
70.einstein won the nobel prize in 1921 and enjoyed great fame in germanyuntil the rise of nazism _____ he was expelled from germany because hewas a jew.
a. when b. who c. then d. which
paper two
part i error correction (15 minutes)
directions:this part consists of a short passage. in this passage, there arealtogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. you may have to adda word, cross out a word, or change a word. if you add a word, put aninsertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in theblank. if you cross out a word, put a slash ( / ) in the blank. if youchange a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank.
the ocean bottom—a region near 2.5 times greater 71. _____
than the total land area of the earth—is a vast
frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted.
until about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor
was completely inaccessible, hiding beneath waters 72. _____
averaging over 3,600 meters deep. totally without light
and subjected intense pressures hundreds of times 73. _____
greater than at the earth's surface, the deep-ocean
bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways
as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.
although researchers have been taken samples of deep-ocean 74. _____
rocks and sediments for over a century, the first detailed
global investigation of the ocean bottom did not
actually start before 1968, with the beginning 75. _____
of the national science foundation's deep sea drilling
project (dsdp). used techniques first developed for 76. _____
the offshore oil and gas industry, the dsdp's drill ship, the glomar
challenger, was able to maintain a steady positionon the ocean's surface
and drill in very deep waters, extracted samples 77. _____
of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
the glomar challenger's core samples have allowed
geologists reconstruct what the planet looked like 78. _____
hundreds of millions of years ago and to calculate what it will
probably look like millions of years in the future. today,
largely with the strength of evidence gathered during the 79. _____
glomar challenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree
with the theories of plate construction and continental 80. _____
drift that explain many of the geological processes that
shape the earth.
part ii translation from english to chinese (15 minutes)
directions:in this part, there are five items, which you should translate intochinese, each item consists of one or two sentence. these sentences areall taken from the reading passages you have just read in the secondpart of the test paper.
you are allowed 15 minutes to do thetranslation. you can refer back to the passages so as to identify theirmeanings in the context.
81. (lines 1?4, para.4, passage 1)
employmentbecame widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuriesmade many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use ofthe land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.
82. (lines 4?6, para.4, passage 2)
industries found a way to meet the new pollution laws without reducing the amount of pollution they released.
83. (lines 3?5, para.1, passage 3)
hismanifesto four arguments for the elimination of television is anamerican bestseller, and after eight editions is still generatingconcern and savage debate in the united states.
84. (lines 6?8, para.2, passage 3)
and,even without commercials, he sees tv as disturbing because it cramspeople's heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave.
85. (lines 2?4, para.3, passage 4)
theessence of political process is the struggle between individuals andgroups with different interests to gain the decision-making power.
part iv writing (30 minutes)
directions: for this part, youare allowed 30 minutes to write a composition according based on thetopic newspapers. your part of writing should be no less than 120words.
tape scripts
section a
directions: (omitted)
1. w: open wide. now show me where it hurts.
m: here on the bottom, especially when i bite into something hot or cold.
q: what is the most probable relationship between the two speakers?
2. m: could you please tell me where mr. anthony's office is?
w:mr. anthony's office is on the sixth floor. but the elevator can onlygo to the fifth. so you'll have to walk the stairs to reach there. it'sthe seventh room on the left.
q: on which floor is mr. anthony's office?
3. w: although jim never means to tell, he just can't keep a secret.
m: yes, jim is not reliable.
q: what can we learn from their conversation?
4. w: have you seen the schedule of our final exam?
m: yes. french will be next monday, shakespeare on wednesday and american literature still one day later.
q: when are they going to have their american literature exam?
5. w: are you going to sam's birthday party tonight?
m: i've my hands full with my term paper.
q: what does the man mean?
6. m: mike hasn't said many words today.
w: that's not like mike. he is certainly in a bad mood.
q: what can we learn about mike?
7. m: although i drove very slowly in the morning fog, i still hit a tree.
w: you can't be too careful.
q: what does the woman mean?
8. w: the clock is out of action again. maybe i should take it to the repairman on my way to work.
m: why not buying a new clock?
q: what does the man mean?
9. m: are you going to work as a secretary after you graduate?
w: where did you get an idea like that?
q: what can be concluded about the woman?
10. w: professor richardson certainly has a good reputation in department of philosophy.
m:a well?deserved one. the same students who fall asleep in discussionsand seminars fight for front?row seats in his lectures.
q: what can we learn from the conversation?
section b
directions: (omitted)
passage one
mensometimes say we are better and more lever than women. women neverinvent things; we do. it is true that men have invented a lot of usefulthings: machines, rockets, and guns. but scientists and archaeologistsnow agree that women invented one very important thing. it has changedthe history. they invented agriculture. before the invention ofagriculture, men were hunters. they went out every day. sometimes theykilled animals; sometimes the animals killed them. life was difficultand then, one day, more than 10,000 years ago, a woman dropped somegrass seeds. she dropped them near her home in the middle east. theygrew. and the first weed was born. the idea grew too. women plantedroots and fruit trees. they could stay at home and look after thechildren and the animals. then their husbands did not have to gohunting for meat. they stayed at home. they built villages and cities.civilization began.
questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. which of the following was invented by women according to the talk?
12. it can be inferred from the talk that agriculture first began in which of the following regions?
13. according to the passage, when did agriculture first begin?
passage two
hollywoodhasade more films than any other film enter in the world. the warmclimate and long hours of sunlight meant that filmmaking was easy andquite cheap. this was also a rich part of america, and there were manybusinessmen who wanted to make money from the motion picture industry.at first short cowboy films were popular because they add excitementand adventure to people's lives. later, comedy films were made so thatpeople could laugh and forget their troubles. charlie chaplin wasprobably the most liked of all comedy actors.
to begin with,all films were silent, and actors showed the story by acting largerthan life. charlie chaplin was the most famous of these silent filmactors. in 1926 some short films were made in which the actors spokefor the first time. within three years nobody wanted to watch silentfilms although some famous actors, including charlie chaplin, refusedto make talking films for many years.
at first all films werein black and white, but in 1932 the first color film was made. it wasnot until 1938 that a full-length color film was made, and the successof this film made producers everywhere change from black and white tocolor. this first full-length color film was translated into tenlanguages and made hollywood the major center of the motion pictureindustry.
questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. what were the first films made in hollywood?
15. why making films in hollywood is easy and cheap?
16. when was the first talking films made?
17. which of the following statements is not true?
passage three
afour-year study conducted by the infant testing center in sanfrancisco, california, suggests that babies feel more comfortablearound other babies than with strange adults. according to the study,babies benefit by being with their fellow infants daily. whereas a babymight show fear of an adult stranger, he is likely to smile and reachout for an unfamiliar infant. by the time babies are one year old, theyhave begun to form friendship of a sort.
the above findings,based on observation of a hundred babies aged three months to threeyears, might prove interesting to working parents who must find daycare for their babies. family care in a private home, with severalbabies together, is probably the ideal way to care for babies underthree. dr. benjamin spock, well?known pediatrician and author of booksabout babies supports the idea. he says that family day care is sounderin theory than hiring a housekeeper or a babysitter.
questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. what did the study by the infant testing center suggest?
19. how old are the babies being tested?
20. according to the talk, how should working parents provide care for their babies?
paper one
part iv writing (for reference only)
newspapers: past and present
aspeople living in the twentieth century, we are heavily dependent on thecontinuous communication between people who are widely separated witheach other. newspapers play a vital role in the diffusion of the latestevents and the education of the public.
newspapers areimportant to us because we can learn a great deal about the world fromthem. all of us are aware of situations and events that happenthousands of miles away. in the twentieth century, the widespread useof newspaper has greatly intensified the global diffusion ofinformation. for over half a century, newspapers were the chief basisupon which information was conveyed quickly and comprehensively to amass public.
another advantage of newspapers is that a largenumber of them are published on a daily basis. this makes them theearliest reporter of the latest events on printed matters. although theinfluence of newspapers waned with the rise of radio and television,many people still enjoy reading newspapers at breakfast and on theirway to work.
i believe that newspapers are, and will remain, an important part of our lives for many years to come.
part i listening comprehension
section a 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.c 5.c 6.b 7.a 8.d 9.b 10.a
section b 11.d 12.b 13.c 14.c 15.a 16.a 17.d 18.d 19.b 20. c
section c (compound dictation)略
part ii reading comprehension
21. d。看起来似乎文章讨论的是失业将长时间成为一个严重的社会问题。但是文章真正讨论的是如何帮助失业的人们谋求工作以外的解决失业带来问题的办法。
22. c。文章中提到十七、十八世纪的圈地运动使得大批农民失去了土地，成为雇佣劳动力。还有工业的发展，和现代交通手段的发展。没有提到从家务劳动中的解脱。
23. a。文章开头说，民意测验表明，高失业率将在长时间内是主要的社会问题。也就是说大多数人认为高失业率不会在短时间内得到根本的改善。
24. a。daunting的意思是“使人畏缩的、使人害怕的”。
25. b。在文章的第二段中，作者用反问句的方式建议，我们不应该把受雇于人看成是一种标准的生活方式，一种规范。而应该大胆地尝试其它的生活方式。
26. c。a是错误的。酸雨是目前人类面临的最严重的环境污染问题只是一些人的看法，不是科学家的共识。b一些濒危的物种的生存受到酸雨的威胁在文章中没有提到。酸雨是由大气层上层的二氧化硫、氧化氮和水混合生成的。
27. a。文章第二段说明，因为酸雨破坏了水中的氧气，湖里的鱼无法生存。
28. b。文章倒数第二段说明，虽然各州、各地区指定了禁止空气污染的法律，但是因为没有限定工业排放污染物的数量，依然没有起到预期的效果。
29. c。a是错的因为文章并没有提到加拿大的空气污染法律是什么样的。但是文章第三段的开头作者明确指出，近年来，酸雨的问题日益严重。
30. a。文章讨论的主题是酸雨的形成及其危害。
31. a。文章第一段说明，这本书自从几年前出版以来已经出了八版。并且还在引起广泛的关注和激烈的争论。
32. b。a选项是错误的，因为文章第二段表明，杰里反对电视中的广告并不是因为电视广告带来的利润太少。而是他认为对于以利益为导向的价值观的灌输是少数人对于公众的不负责任的行为。
33. b。文章第二段中作者说明杰里反对看电视是因为电视使人们的脑子里充斥着大量的画面和形象，而这些都会改变他们原有的感知方式和行为习惯。
34. a。go home在这里的意思是“被接受、被吸收”。
35. c。文章最后一段指出，既然在医学上已经应用人工的光线来改变人体细胞的结构，那么长时间暴露在电视人工的光线中也有可能威胁人们的健康。
36. a。本文的主要内容是“政治制度”的概念，不是它的发展过程。注意institution在这里并不是“学校”的意思。
37. a。这道题的答案只要仔细看了原文第一段的列举就可以作对。
38. c。homogeneous的意思是“同类的”，“类似的”，“均一的”。
39. c。第三段的最后一句中的it指代的是上一句中的power，不是本句开头的political functions。
40. b。文章最后一段的第一句说明，冲突主义和功能主义最基本的区别是conceptions of political power，对于政治权力的概念。
part iii vocabulary and structure
41. d。advance：进步，取得进展。ameliorate：改善。
42. c。in a way：在某种程度上。
43. a。swallow：吞下，吞并，全盘接受。比如：
she was such a pushover that she swallowed every story he told her.
她是如此轻信以致于她相信所有他讲的故事。
44. c。predict：预言，可以指没有什么把握的猜测，也可以指对事物的后果所作的一种精确的统计性估计。forecast专指天气情况的预测。prophesy尤指宗教迷信方面的“预言”。
45. c。it is urgent that.后面的从句必须用虚拟语气，即(should＋)动词的原形。
46. b。exclusion：把……排除在外。elimination：消灭。displacement：转移，取代，置换。
47. d。refusal是最常用的“拒绝”。rejection通常指官方的“驳回，拒绝” disapproval表示“不同意，不批准。” decline表示“有礼貌地拒绝，谢绝”。
48. a。figure out：想出，琢磨出。work out：做出，完成。look out (for)：小心，当心……draw out：(时间)延长。
49. b。virtually：几乎。相当于almost。promptly：立刻，马上。
50. a。owing to的功能相当于一个复合介词，即because of，后面必须加名词性的词组。同时its也提供了线索。
51.c。第一个空是what引导的介词of的宾语，作equivalent的修饰成份，同时又是后面的从句的主语。相当于thatwhich。第二个空应该填which，它在本句中引导一个非限定性定语从句。which在这里指代的是natural philosophy。
52. d。assessment、evaluation：(综合的)评估，评价。estimate：估计，估价。
53.a。on no account放在句首的时候后面必须用倒装语序。这个句子是部分倒装。所以只是谓语中的一部分(情态动词should)放在主语前面，其它部分仍然放在主语后面。另外，当下列词组出现在句首的时候也要用倒装语序：only, under no circumstances, nor,nowhere等。比如：under no circumstances must you leave your post.你在任何情况下都不能离开岗位。only in this way is it possible to finish the assignmenton time.只有用这种方法才能按时完成作业(任务)。
54.b。这句话中的主语是一个由连词that引导的主语从句。这一类的主语从句大多数放在句子后部，而由代词it作形式上的主语，比如：itdoesn't seem likely that she will show up.她露面的可能性似乎不大。it occurred tohim that he had forgotten to switch off thelights.他突然想起他忘了关灯了。但是当不用it而直接把从句放在句首作主语时是为了给主语更多的强调或者是使句子显得前后平衡。
55. d。as for： 至于，关于。有时含有不关心，轻视之意。
56. b。cite：引用、援引、引证。 比如：
the devil can cite scripture for his purpose.
为了达到目的魔鬼也会援引《圣经》。
57. b。在本句中，复合介词as to和一个when引导的名词性从句构成定语，修饰名词information。这个介词有时也可以省略掉。
58. b。some time：一些时间。sometimes：副词，有时候。sometime：在某个时候，有朝一日。
59. d。turn out表示“结果是，证明是”。it turned out that. 是个常用句型。 有时也可用turn out to be + adj./n.
60. a。know better than to do something: 因为明事理而不至于做出(没有理智的事情)。know better than后面加动词不定式。
61. c。cut off：切掉、截断、割掉、切断(电话线路)。cut down：砍倒，削减，缩短，删节。cut back：修剪(树枝等)，削减，缩减。
62. a。在would rather (sooner) 或者had rather后面，动词用相当于陈述语气过去时态或者是过去将来时态的形式。
63. d。distort：使歪曲，使扭曲。revise：改编，改写。distract：分散……的注意力。contradict：反对。反驳。
64. d。to be done with something表示“用完，不再需要”。意思和用法相当于to be finished with something。
65. a。to be at something的意思是“正在忙于做某事”。
66. c。内阁成员的意见存在根本上的分歧。fundamental：根本的。实质上的。
67. a。drowsy：困倦的。相当于sleepy。有时drowsy也有“令人困倦的”意思。
68. b。regulate：规定。determine：决定。
69. b。substitute：代替品。alternative：可供选择的另一种方式。selection：选集。选择。displacement：转移，取代，撤换，免职。
70. a。关系副词when引导的定语从句修饰名词词组the rise of nazism。
paper two
part i error correction
71. near→nearly：修饰形容词的比较级需用副词nearly。
72. hiding→hidden：过去分词作状语。
73.subjected∧intense→to：to be subjected to：受到，遭遇。比如：all the applicationswill be subjected to careful scrutiny.所有的申请材料将受到仔细的审查。
74. been(删掉)或者是taken→taking：这里有两种改法。或者改成现在完成时，表示以前完成的对现在有影响的动作，或者是现在完成进行时，表示从过去某一点时间一直在进行的动作。
75. before→until：注意前文中的否定词not。“……直到1968年首次世界性的对洋底的仔细的探索才真正开始。”not…until. 直到……才……
76. used→using：分词短语作伴随状态。分词动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。
77. extracted→extracting：分词短语作伴随状态。分词动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。
78. geologists∧reconstruct→to：allow someone to do something这里的宾语补足语，不定式中的to不能省略。
79. with→on：on the strength of：依靠，根据。
80. with→on： agree with：同意某人的看法，适合某人的胃口。agree on：就……达成一致意见。公认。
part ii translation from english to chinese
81. 当十七十八世纪的圈地运动使得大批人失去了土地的使用权，并因此失去了赖于谋生的来源，而只好依赖于付薪的工作时，雇佣的劳动形式就被广泛采用了。
82. 工业想出办法在不减少污染排放量的前提下满足新出台的污染法律的规定。
83. 他的《关于禁看电视的四个理由》是一部美国畅销书，在发行了八版之后仍然在美国引起关注和激烈的辩论。
84. 并且，即使在没有广告的前提下，他同样认为电视是令人不快的，因为它在人们的头脑中填满了图象，而这些图象则改变了人们的感知和行为方式。
85. 政治的本质就在于具有不同利益的个人和群体之间为了得到做出决定的权力而进行的斗争。
part iii short answer questions
86. extends from the east indies to the atlas mountains
87. the unpredictability of earthquakes
88. is becoming more and more possible
89. animal behavior, movements in the earth's crust
90. a better understanding of the nature of earthquakes and an worldwide earthquake warning network