Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on ""persuasive salesmanship"" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
This concept does not imply that business is benevolent（慈善的）or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer - and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
26. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, _____.
A) the practice of turning goods into money C) the customer-centred approach
B) making goods available for purchase D) a form of persuasive salesmanship
27. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?
A) The needs of the market. C) The satisfaction of the user.
B) The efficiency of production. D) The preferences of the dealer.
28. According to the passage, ""to move as much of these goods as possible"" (Lines 3-4, Para. 1) means ""______"".
A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods
B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D) to redesign these goods for large-scale production
29. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.
B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.
C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.
D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.
30. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on _____.
A) its main characteristic C) its possible consequence
B) its social impact D) its theoretical basis
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.
Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.
Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.
Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.
In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.
31. In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is .
A) wrong C) misleading
B) oversimplified D) unclear
32. Professor Charles R. Schwenk''s research shows .
A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict
B) the real value of conflict
C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict
D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict
33. We can learn from Schwenk''s research that .
A) a person''s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization
B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations
C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways
D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict
34. The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations .
A) there is no end of conflict
B) expression of different opinions is encouraged
C) decisions must be justifiable
D) success lies in general agreement
35. People working in a not-for-profit organization .
A) seem to be difficult to satisfy C) are less effective in making decisions
B) are free to express diverse opinions D) find it easier to reach agreement
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Imagine eating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn''t it?
New ""fake fat"" products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it''s up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.
Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can''t be digested at all.
Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠) ""grab"" molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.
The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.
Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it''s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.
Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.
36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ______.
A) contains plenty of nutrients
B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins
C) makes foods easily digestible
D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious
37. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be ______.
A) commercially useless C) somewhat controversial
B) just as anticipated D) quite unexpected
38. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ______.
A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed
B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body
C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease
D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins
39. What is a possible negative effect of olestra according to some critics?
A) It may impair the digestive system. C) It may increase the risk of cancer.
B) It may affect the overall fat intake. D) It may spoil the consumers'' appetite.
40. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?
A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.
B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.
C) The function of the intestines may be weakened.
D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.
Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)
Directions:
There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
41. The doctors don''t ______ that he will live much longer.
A) articulate C) manifest
B) anticipate D) monitor
42. I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite ______.
A) eligible C) probable
B) sustainable D) feasible
43. The old gentleman was a very ______ looking person, with grey hair and gold spectacles. A) respectful C) respective B) respected D) respectable
44. This book is expected to ______ the best-seller lists.
A) promote C) dominate B) prevail D) exemplify
45. That part of the city has long been ______ for its street violence.
A) notorious C) historical
B) responsible D) illegal
46. Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat ______ by steam.
A) towed C) tossed B) pressed D) propelled
47. Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, ______ themselves.
A) expanding C) prolonging
B) stretching D) extending
48. England''s team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to ______ themselves for last year''s defeat.
A) revive C) revenge B) retort D) remedy
49. If you want to get into that tunnel, you first have to ______ away all the rocks. A) haul C) repel B) transfer D) dispose
50. It took us only a few hours to ______ the paper off all four walls.
A) shear C) stroke
B) scrape D) chip
51. The famous scientist ______ his success to hard work.
A) imparted C) ascribed
B) granted D) acknowledged
52. It is difficult to ______ of a plan to end poverty.
A) speculate C) ponder B) conceive D) reckon
53. Now the cheers and applause ______ in a single sustained roar.
A) mingled C) assembled B) concentrated D) permeated
54. Improved consumer confidence is ______ to an economic recovery.
A) crucial C) cumulative B) subordinate D) satisfactory
55. Although the body is made up of many different tissues, these tissues are arranged in an ______ and orderly fashion.
A) incredible C) internal
B) intricate D) initial
56. If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very ______.
A) waxy C) sticky
B) slippery D) greasy
57. The damage to his car was ______; therefore, he could repair it himself.
A) considerable C) negligible
B) appreciable D) invisible
58. My sister is quite ______ and plans to get an M. A. degree within one year.
A) aggressive C) considerate
B) enthusiastic D) ambitious
59. The manager tried to wave aside these issues as ______ details that would be settled later.
A) versatile C) preliminary
B) trivial D) alternate
60. His ______ was telling him that something was wrong.
A) intuition C) inspiration
B) hypothesis D) sentiment
61. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.
A) fashions C) facets
B) frontiers D) formats
62. Parents often faced the ______ between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.
A) paradox C) dilemma
B) junction D) premise
63. Clark felt that his ______ in one of the most dramatic medical experiments of all time was worth the suffering he underwent.
A) apprehension C) presentation
B) appreciation D) participation
64. As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the ______ of a brilliant career.
A) threshold C) porch
B) edge D) course
65. The ______ lawyer made a great impression on the jury.
A) protecting C) defending
B) guarding D) shielding
66. Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very ______.
A) dim C) conspicuous
B) obscure D) intelligible
67. This movie is not ______ for children to see: it contains too much violence and too many love scenes.
A) profound C) decent
B) valid D) upright
68. The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it ______ into fragments.
A) broke off C) broke through
B) broke away D) broke up
69. The detective and his assistant have begun to ______ the mysterious murder.
A) come through C) make over
B) look into D) see to
70. Sadly, the Giant Panda is one of the many species now in danger of ______.
A) extinction C) destruction
B) migration D) extraction