passage 78
while many nations have aging populations, japan's demographic crisis is truly dire, with forecasts showing that 40 percent of the population will have been 68 and over in 2055.(1)____ same of the consequences have been long foreseen, like deflation: as more japanese retire and live off their savings, they spend more, further depressing japan's anemic levels of domestic consumption.(2)____ so a leas anticipated outcome has been the appearance of generational inequalities．(3)____
the disparities manifest itself in many ways.(4)____ there are corporations that hire all too many young people for low-paying jobs-in effect, forcing them to shoulder the costs of preserving cushier jobs to older employees.(5)____ others point to an underfinanced pension system so skewed in the favor of older japanese that many younger workers simply refuse to pay; a "silver democracy" that spends far more on the elderly than education and child care-an issue that is familiar to americana; and outdated hiring practices that have created a new "lost generation" of disenfranchised youths.(6)____(7)____
nagisa inoue,a senior at tokyo's meiji university said she was considering paying for a fifth year at her university rather than graduate without a job, an outcome that in japans rigid job market might permanently taint her chances of ever getting a higher-paying corporate job.(8)____ that is why japanese companies, even when they do offer stable, regular jobs, prefer to give them only to new graduates,which are seen as the more malleable candidates for molding into japan'a corporate culture.(9)____(10)____
文章大意
本文讨论日本人口老龄化带来的社会问题。尽管很多国家都面临着人口老龄化的问题，但日本人口危机的程度更为可怕。预测表明到2055年日本65岁及65岁以上的人将达到总人口的40%。这一状况将会引发很多社会问题，比如通货紧缩，而更严重的问题是年轻人和年纪大的人之间的不平等待遇。
答案详解
1．inby词汇错误。本部分的意思是“预测显示到2055年全国人口将有40%为66岁及65岁以上的老年人”。考查的是介词by表示时间的用法，意为“到……时（为止）”或“最迟在……之前”，应该把in改成by。
2．moreless语篇错误。下文depressing一词说明日本国内消费削弱，由此可推断那些依靠存款生活的退休人员花得更少了，国内消费才会不景气，more应该改成less。
3．sobut语篇错误。上文讲日本国内消费削弱，此处讲年轻人和年纪大的人之间的不平等待遇出现，上下文之间不存在因果关系，so不符合语境。a less anticipated outcome表明不平等待遇比消费削弱更难预料到，此间存在转折关系，重点在于讲这种不平等待遇，要把so改成but。
4．itselfthemselves语法错误。此句主语these disparities为复数形式，此处反身代词指代的就是主语，故itself应改成themselves。
5．(jobs) to—for词汇错误。本题考查的是preserve sth. for sb．的用法，此处表示“将更轻松的工作留给老年员工”，to应改成for。
6．thefor词汇错误。in favor of是固定搭配，表示 “支持，赞同”，应删掉the。
7．∧educationon语法错误。此处比较的对象是the elderly和education and child care.the elderly前面有on，用于spend... on...的结构，为保持前后形式一致．education and child care前也必须有on，表示并列的比较关系。此句表示“‘银色民主’在老年人身上的花销要比在教育和儿童关爱上的多得多”。
8．graduategraduating语法错误。本题考查的是rather than的用法。因为前文用的是动名词形式paying for a fifth year，所以rather than后也要用动名词形式，对比的对象应该保持形式一致。
9．whybecause语篇错误。此处是解释nagisa inoue继续待在校园的原因，但why引导的内容表示结果，故应把why改成because。
10．whichwho语法错误。本题考查的是非限制性定语从句引导词which和who的区别，此处指代的不是“日本公司”，而是“新毕业生”，所以应该用指代人的who。