1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills, less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible for pensions — where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber their male counterparts. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over resources. Also, women’s inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.
迄今为止，在了年纪的人群中最脆弱的就是老年妇女，她们比男性更缺少读写能力和计算技能，她们得到有偿工作、获得养老金的机会更小。即使女性具备领取养老金的资格，但经常会因为工资较低、职业生涯曾中断过而只得到相对较低的养老金。已丧偶的老年妇女的数量远远超过了处于同一处境的老年男性。在一些国家，寡妇被限制或禁止使用社会资源。在许多国家中女性没有继承权。由于种种原因，女性，尤其是在发展国家，更容易在老年陷入贫困境地。致力于脱贫的社保计划必须要考虑到大多数老年贫困者是妇女这一状况，而且她们中的许多人欠缺工作经验。
2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.
对于新技术和新知识的需求使这些老龄从业者处于劣势，因为他们在早年积累的技术已经过时。但是年龄歧视也给老龄人在职场中设置了障碍。人们的偏见影响了老龄人找份新的工作，也使雇主不愿意为他们提供培训的机会。然而有证据表明对老龄人的工作能力表示出歧视是毫无道理的。不同年龄的人群其工作表现的差异并不大，远没有某个特定年龄的群体内部的差异大。
3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.
允许从业者延长工作年限对于企业来说是有好处的。维持一个技术和能力多样化的人力资源库可以使企业避免由于经验丰富的老员工退休而形成的真空。
4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.
帮助老龄从业者适应不断变化着的需求，培训和教育是至关重要的。社会学家所倡导的终身教育是一项很重要的文化和经济资产。终身教育这一概念暗示着要取消建立在年龄基础上的社会结构，这种社会教育和培训只是人生早期一次性的事业。
5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.
信息和通信技术在延长工作年限上起重要作用，他们有潜能可使老龄从业者能够紧随劳动力市场的变化，为社会做出他们的贡献，并提升生活质量。
6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer’s side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.
远程办公作为一种工具，有助于老龄从业者继续融入经济和社会当中。交通开支的节省只是一点儿好处。对于身体有残疾的老年人，他们可以在提前退休、长期请病假之外有了第三种选择—远程办公。对于雇主也有明显好处：能够获得关键技术和知识，这样可以节省办公空间。在这一切成为现实之前，无论是雇主还是雇员都要转变观念。
7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, condition of work and motivation. Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.
老龄从业者继续工作的能力和意愿也取决于他们的健康状况，工作情况和动机。老龄人在工作面临着很多特殊的困难，比如在工作时更容易疲劳，在接受新工作访求和新技术时会遇到困难，以及在步入退休年过渡阶段出现心理压力。因此确保合适的工作状况对老龄人至关重要。
8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.
我们这个社会的活力越来越信赖于老年人的参与。因此有必要创造良好的经济和社会条件，让所有年龄的人都能够融入到社会中。一个最大的挑战就是培养一种文化，让每个人都认识到年龄的增长会带来经验和知识的积累。
9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older worker’s participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:
国际劳动组织作为联合国的下属机构，负责解决劳动力相关事宜，它提倡采取的政策定位于支持老龄人参与经济和社会生活。最后，该组织建议：
Tanking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older persons. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence.
采取必要的措施确保所有老龄人享有最低收入保障。以广泛覆盖率为原则的老龄人社会保障计划应该得到改进。女性应该各男性一样，拥有自己的权利和独立性。
Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.
颁布政策消除劳动力市场的老龄歧视，采取灵活的退休年龄机制。
Tanking measures — involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining.
采取行动— 包括雇主和劳动力组织—确保老龄人能够继续参与经济和社会生活，包括给他们提供培训和再培训。
Promoting informal, community-based programmes to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.
推广非正式的以社区为单位的计划，帮助老年人树立依靠自己的思想和社区责任感。
Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.
动员青年人提供服务和照顾，积极参与到为老年人服务的活动中去。
Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.
采取措施确保退休前的逐步过渡。这些措施包括退休前的课程、在退休前减轻工作压力，以及更灵活的养老金制度。
Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.
为老龄从业者提供令人满意的工作条件和环境。如果有必要，工作状况和工作环境中应该将老年人的特点考虑进去。
10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe,” but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.
人口老龄化并不是灾难，但它的确给政府带来挑战。既然老龄化是一个长期的现象，我们有足够的时间来尝试和找到有效的途径。这些方法似乎存在于工作领域和社会转型体系中。联合国和国际劳动力组织在探索和实施具有远见的解决方法上起着举足轻重的作用