Speech to the International Fiscal Association
中国经济介绍---国际财政协会演讲
by the Paymaster General, UK
---英国主计长
Four years ago we set our central economic objective of high and stable levels of growth and employment. The two pillars of the Government's approach are delivering macroeconomic stability, to allow firms and individuals to invest for the future, and impletuenting microeconomic reforms to remove the barriers which prevent markets from functioning efficiently.
四年前我们设定了高稳定水平增长和就业的中心经济目标。政府的两个支柱方法是实现宏观经济稳定允许公司和个人为未来投资，和实行微观经济改革移除阻止市场有效运行的障碍。
In the last Parliament, we put in place reforms to achieve macroeconomic stability and to promote work. The UK has now achieved the highest employment of almost any OECD country and the lowest inflation in the EU.
上一次国会会议，我们落实了实现宏观经济稳定和促进工作的改革。英国已经实现了在任何经济合作与发展组织几乎最高的就业率，并且在欧盟中的通货膨胀率最低。
Building on this platform of stability and employment creation, we must now direct our energies to radical reform and modernization of product, labor and capital markets, so that the UK's productivity will rise faster than that of its industrial competitors as we close the productivity gap.
基于稳定和创造就业机会的平台，我们现在要把精力放在基础改革和产品现代化上，劳动力和资本市场上，这样英国在消除生产力差距时的生产力才会比工业竞争者增长的快。
On Monday, the Chancellor announced the next steps we will take to deliver this ambition. These include major reforms to the competition regime. This is at the heart of the Government's strategy. Vigorous competition between firms leads to increased innovation and greater efficiency—and in turn to increased productivity growth.
英国财政大臣周一时宣布了实现目标的后续计划，其中包括竞争体系的改革，这是政府战略的核心。公司间有力的竞争使得创新增加，效率提高---反过来也是生产力的增加。
So we are modernizing "complex monopoly" powers, providing a strong legal basis for competition authorities to promote competition across the economy, giving them full independence backed by additional resources and consulting on the introduction of criminal penalties for those involved in cartels.
所以我们正在实现“复杂的垄断”权利，为竞争监管当局提升经济竞争力提供了有力的法律基础，在介绍参与卡特尔的刑事惩罚方面，依靠额外的资源和咨询提供了全力的自由。
The Chancellor also announced a series of measures aimed at helping small and medium sized enterprises. We will cut the Capital Gains Tax rate on business assets, creating a regime for entrepreneurs that will be more favorable to enterprise than that of the US.
财政大臣还宣布了一系列旨在帮助中小企业的措施。我们会削减商业资产的资本增值税，创建一个比美国更好的企业家团体。
We are proposing the doubling of the assets limit for Enterprise Management Incentives, so that more growing companies can attract the high-quality employees they need to realize their potential. We have also announced a new Small Business Birth strategy, including a commitment to extend the width of the 10 per cent corporate tax rate.
我们建议企业管理奖励的双倍资产限制，如此更多发展中企业就能吸引到更多高质量员工实现目标。我们还发布了新的小企业诞生策略，包括延伸10%企业税率范围的承诺。
SMEs are important because of their significant contribution to the UK economy. Unless this sector delivers growth, the economy as a whole will be held back. However, this focus on small business does not mean that the Government has ignored the position of large business. Indeed, large successful enterprises are the bedrock of the world's leading economies.
中小企业对英国经济做出了巨大贡献。这一块如果不增长，整体经济就会被拖后腿。但是，关注小企业并不是说政府忽略了大企业的地位。事实上，大的成功的企业是世界零头经济的基石。
Globalization and the increase in internationally mobile capital have led to benefits from the growing integration of national economic systems, including greater trade in goods and services, movements of labor, and movements of capital and the integration of the financial markets.
全球化和国际移动资产的增加为国家经济系统整合的增长带来了好处，包括商品和服务的大宗贸易，劳动力的转移，资本的转移和经济市场的整合。
Over the past decade gross capital flows have increased dramatically. The UK ranks second largest in the world in terms of inward and outward direct investment with multinational companies now playing an especially important role.
过去二十年间总资本流动量急剧增长，英国在世界上向内和向外直接投资中排名第二，很多跨国公司现在占据重要位置。
There are substantial benefits, in terms of higher investment growth efficiency gains and the transfer of innovations and best business practices across national boundaries. But it has to be recognized that these changes mean that problems which were formerly seen as domestic have become international ones. Business is mobile, particularly multinational business, and naturally wants to minimize costs, including tax. And tax policies in turn may be designed primarily to divert mobile capital. These are changes which give rise to concern that anti-competitive tot practices elsewhere may distort business decisions and prove counterproductive in the end, whilst underlining the need for tax competition between countries on terms which are "fair".
就高投资增长效益获得，国界间创新和最佳商业做法的转换而言，效益是持续性的，但必须承认这些改变意味着本来在国内的问题演变成国际问题了。企业是移动的，尤其是跨国企业想最小化成本，包括纳税，而税收政策将会主要为转移可移动资本设计。这些改变也引起了对不利于竞争的税务做法的关注，这会扭曲商业决策最终适得其反，因此要注重国家质检税收竞争条款中的“公平”二字。
Tax systems and regimes must be modernized if we are to meet the wider economic challenge. So we must:
要应对更广的经济挑战就必须实现税收体系和政体的现代化，所以我们必须要：
•respond effectively to anti-competitive tax practices;
• 对不利于竞争的税务做法做出有效应对；
•ensure that our tax system is efficient; and
• 确保税收体系是有效的；并且
•eliminate unnecessary rigidities in the tax system that act as a barrier to business.
• 彻底消除阻碍商业的税收体系弊端
At the same time, the UK recognizes that tax systems in different countries need to respond in different ways to the challenges we face. The tax systems we have each developed are based on cultural preferences which are at the heart of our individual national policies and preferences. For example, EU member states have to fund differing levels of public services and have different preferences for one tax over another.
同事，英国承认不同国家的税收体系在面临挑战时需要做出不同的应对措施。我们各自发展的税收体系是基于文化倾向的，这是我们独立国家政策和倾向的核心。欧盟成员国必须不同程度的投资公共服务并在税收方面有不同的参数。
And different tax systems also allow governments to respond to national preferences on the role, structure and aims of taxation. We do not need to question this diversity. We do not need to harmonize to meet the challenges we face- But we do need to foster the natural dynamism within our economies.
不同的税收体系还要允许政府对国家参考作用，结构，税收目标做出反应。我们不需要置疑这一多样化，我们不需要在面临挑战时和谐共处，但我们需要培养我们经济中的自然动力。
I see no contradiction between taking effective action against abuse and harmful tax competition and building a dynamic economy. The key is to preserve that natural dynamism while strengthening the effective cooperation between governments. Countries across the globe have a choice.
在我看来，针对滥用有害税收竞争采取有效措施和建立动态经济并不冲突。重点是加强政府间有效合作时保持自然动力。全球国家都可做出选择
•either to turn inwards in which case we will fail to respond effectively to anti-competitive lax practices which inhibit36 the development of competition;
• 只顾国内，这样我们就不能对妨碍竞争发展的不利于竞争的税务做法做出有效回应了。
•or to face the global challenge and work with partners to allow fair tax competition to flourish;
• 或面对全球挑战与同伴合作使得公平的税收竞争蓬勃发展。
•allow the creation of efficient tax systems based on broad bases and low rates; and
• 允许广泛基层和低利率基础上的有效税收体系创新；并且
•counter pressures for tax harmonization.
• 抵消税收协调的压力。
Secrecy, lack of transparency and discrimination are all examples of anti-competitive practices. Lack of transparency and secrecy encourage tax evasion and avoidance which in turn inhibits governments' ability to apply their tax laws fairly and effectively to individuals and business alike.
保密，缺乏透明度和歧视都是不利于竞争做法的例子。缺乏透明度和保密导致逃税和避税，反过来又妨碍政府对个人和公司公平有效使用税法的能力。
The result is that the respect for Jaw is undermined and that in turn can result in distortion of the market and economic growth and development. The UK sees transparency and exchange of information as being essential for effective competition.
结果是削弱对法律的尊重，并进一步导致市场经济增长和发展和扭曲。英国将透明度和信息交换看成是有效竞争所必须的。
But exchange of information and transparency alone are not sufficient to allow fair tax competition to flourish. When tax systems discriminate between companies of the same size carrying on tile same line of business then, by definition, we do not have a level playing field.
但仅信息交换和透明度还不足以使公平的税收竞争发展繁荣。当同一产业相同规模的公司受到税收体系的歧视时，我们自然就没有公平竞争可言了。
And though in some cases an element of discrimination may be soundly based in economics to compensate for failures in the market, in most it is not. Where the design; of tax measures is such that commercial decisions are distorted in a discriminatory way, this will inhibit, not enhance stable and sustainable economic growth.
尽管有些情况下，歧视的元素可能是基于市场失败中的经济补偿，但不大部分情况下不是的。如果税收措施的设计以歧视的方式扭曲商业决策，那这些措施将会阻碍，而不是推进稳定持续的经济增长。
The UK supports action to limit discriminatory practices that are anti-competitive.
英国支持限制不正当竞争的歧视做法。
(To be continued in Unit 6)
欲知下文，见第六单元