2007考研英语强化班授课讲义(十六)

i. use of english (cloze)

humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. humans are able to__1__, to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. a meaningless,__2__world is an insecure world we do not like. when it__3__to human behavior, we infer meaning and__4__to make the behavior understandable.__5__all this means is that people develop “quasi-theories” of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in__6__, scientific manner. when doing so, people believe they know__7__humans do the things they do.

let’s consider an example. in the united states people have been__8__with the increasing amount of crime for several years. the extent of crime bothers us because we ourselves could be victims. but it__9__bothers us that people behave in such ways. why can such things happen? we develop quasi-theories. we__10__concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we__11__it: our criminal justice system is__12 ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken__13__the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are on drugs.

these explanations suggest possible solutions ——__14__the courts and put more people in jail as examples to other law breakers. there is now hope__15__the problem of crime can be solved if only we__16__these solutions. again, the world is no longer meaningless nor__17__so threatening.

these quasi-theories__18__serve a very important function for us. but how accurate are they? how__19__will the suggested solutions be? these questions must be answered with__20__to how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi-theories of human behavior. (286 words)

注：quasi-（构成合成词）表示“疑似…的，准…的。go about着手进行，着手处理。

1. a. reason b. consider c. deem d. dwell
2. a. unanimous b. unimaginable c. unpredictable d. unfortunate
3. a. goes b. comes c. makes d. concerns
4. a. explanations b. motives c. conclusions d. consequence
5. a. that b. even c. as d. what
6. a. an objective b. a subjective c. a theoretic d. a conclusive
7. a. how b. why c. whether d. when
8. a. worried b. disturbed c. bewildered d. concerned
9. a. also b. even c. yet d. still
10. a. retain b. remain c. maintain d. sustain
11. a. master b. conceive c. understand d. acquire
12. a. precautious b. inadequate c. deficient d. destructive
13. a. for b. as c. from d. beyond
14. a. consolidate b. stiffen c. confirm d. strengthen
15. a. which b. whether c. that d. how
16. a. act on b. work out c. see to d. set up
17. a. rather b. very c. much d. quite
18. a. moreover b. therefore c. nevertheless d. otherwise
19. a. effective b. efficient c. sufficient d. capable
20. a. reference b. relationship c. result d. association

i. use of english (cloze)

humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect onthemselves and others. humans are able to__1__, to think in abstractterms, to reflect on the future. a meaningless,__2__world is aninsecure world we do not like. when it__3__to human behavior, we infermeaning and__4__to make the behavior understandable.__5__all this meansis that people develop “quasi-theories” of human behavior, that is,theories that are not developed in__6__, scientific manner. when doingso, people believe they know__7__humans do the things they do.

let’s consider an example. in the united states people havebeen__8__with the increasing amount of crime for several years. theextent of crime bothers us because we ourselves could be victims. butit__9__bothers us that people behave in such ways. why can such thingshappen? we develop quasi-theories. we__10__concerned about the highcrime rate, but we now believe we__11__it: our criminal justice systemis__12 ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moralvalues weaken__13__the influence of liberal ideas; too many people areon drugs.

these explanations suggest possible solutions ——__14__thecourts and put more people in jail as examples to other law breakers.there is now hope__15__the problem of crime can be solved if onlywe__16__these solutions. again, the world is no longer meaninglessnor__17__so threatening.

these quasi-theories__18__serve a very important function forus. but how accurate are they? how__19__will the suggested solutionsbe? these questions must be answered with__20__to how people normallygo about developing or attaining their quasi-theories of humanbehavior. (286 words)

注：quasi-（构成合成词）表示“疑似…的，准…的。go about着手进行，着手处理。

1. a. reason b. consider c. deem d. dwell
2. a. unanimous b. unimaginable c. unpredictable d. unfortunate
3. a. goes b. comes c. makes d. concerns
4. a. explanations b. motives c. conclusions d. consequence
5. a. that b. even c. as d. what
6. a. an objective b. a subjective c. a theoretic d. a conclusive
7. a. how b. why c. whether d. when
8. a. worried b. disturbed c. bewildered d. concerned
9. a. also b. even c. yet d. still
10. a. retain b. remain c. maintain d. sustain
11. a. master b. conceive c. understand d. acquire
12. a. precautious b. inadequate c. deficient d. destructive
13. a. for b. as c. from d. beyond
14. a. consolidate b. stiffen c. confirm d. strengthen
15. a. which b. whether c. that d. how
16. a. act on b. work out c. see to d. set up
17. a. rather b. very c. much d. quite
18. a. moreover b. therefore c. nevertheless d. otherwise
19. a. effective b. efficient c. sufficient d. capable
20. a. reference b. relationship c. result d. association

ii. 选择搭配题

directions:in the following article, some sentences have beenremoved. for questions 41-- 45, choose the most suitable one from thelist a--g to fit into each of the numbered blank. there are two extrachoices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. mark your answers onanswer sheet 1. (10 points)

this year's good-news / bad-news report on technology usagein the united states contains hardly any surprises. and that really gotmy attention. the upside is that computer ownership and internetconnectivity are booming. the number of homes with a computer hasnearly doubled in the past four years. today, the computer has taken upappliance status in more than 42 percent of households across theunited states.

41) _______________________________. online access was upmore than 50 percent in just the past year (from 1997 to 1998). now,more than one quarter of all u.s. households can surf in cyberspace.

mostly, this explosive growth has occurred democratically. 42) _________________________.

we view these trends as favorable without the slightestquestion because we clearly see computer technology as empowering. 43)_______________________________. i myself am hoping that suchassumptions are true and that world peace, love, understanding, willsomehow be future byproducts.

44) _______________________________. that is, the digitalexplosion is not booming at the same pace for everyone. yes, it is truethat we are all plugged in to a much greater degree than any of us havebeen in the past. but some of us are more plugged in than others andare getting plugged in far more rapidly. and this gap is widening evenas the pace of the information age accelerates through society.

45) _______________________________.

the highest income bracket households, those earning morethan $75,000 annually, are 20 times as likely to have access to theinternet as households at the lowest income levels, under $10,000annually. the computer penetration rate at the high-income level is anastounding 76.56 percent, compared with 8 percent at the bottom end ofthe scale.

technology access differs widely by educational level.college gradates are 16 times as likely to be internet surfers at homesas are those with only elementary-school education. if you look at thedifferences between these groups in rural areas, the gap widens to atwenty-six-fold advantage for the college-educated.

[a] from the time of the last study, the information access gapgrew by 29 percent between the highest and lowest income groups, and by25 percent between the highest and lowest education levels.
[b] and these computers are increasingly being wired to the internet.
[c] computer ownership and internet access are highly stratifiedalong lines of wealth, race, education, and geography. the dataindicates that computer ownership and online access is growing morerapidly among the most prosperous and well educated: essentially,wealthy white people with high-school and college diplomas and who arepart of stable, two-parent households.
[d] the online penetration and computer ownership increasesextend across all the demographic levels -- by race, geography, income,and education.
[e] pretty rosy picture, right? now for the not-so-good news. thegovernment's analysis spells out so called digital divide.
[f] in the long run, participation in the information age may notbe a zero sum game, where if some groups win, others must lose.
[g] in fact, personal growth and a prosperous u.s. economy areconsidered to be the long-range rewards of individual and collectivetechnological prowess（威力，本领）.

iii. english-chinese translation

what are the special responsibilities, if any, of thescientist towards the community? it seems to us that on the one handhe must make intensive efforts to give the ordinary citizen --- and thepolitician --- the means of evaluating the role of science in themodern world. 1) it is because in the long run it is only theexistence of a large body of well-informed and energetic citizens thatcan control abuses of governmental power. on the other hand, he musttake more trouble to prepare himself for his own growing role asdecision-maker and administrator. progress is being made on both thesepoints, though mainly by the developed countries so far.

2) as educators, increasing numbers of scientists are makingan understanding of science more accessible to the layman(外行人) by meansof simply-written books and radio talks, whilst in many countries thescientists are also the main force behind efforts to improve and expandthe teaching of science and scientific method in schools and adulteducation courses. as far as the second requisite is concerned,progress has been slower for the reasons given above. 3) nevertheless,one significant indicator for the future may be the widening scope andinfluence of the pugwash conferences, which are informal meetings heldonce or twice a year by leading scientists from all countries, and inwhich science and its relationship to world affairs is discussed. 4)another significant fact is that the necessity for establishingcoordinated national science policies --- now being put into effect invarious countries --- is bringing comparatively large numbers ofscientists directly into government administration, which in turn isbringing about the evolution of a new type of scientist, thescientist-administrator.

to conclude, it is clear that the whole world is passingthrough a social revolution in which a central part must be taken byscientists and technologists. 5) but whether their efforts can be moreeffective than those of the traditional politician may depend not somuch on the present-day working scientists, but on the scientists nowbeing trained, i. e. --- you. (350 words)

iv. writing practice

1. directions:you are looking for a position in a company. write a letter to the personnel department to:

1) give your wishes to work for the company
2) state your strong points
3) show your eagerness to be accepted

letter of application

dear sir,

your advertisement for a sales representative in the march 12 journal interested me, 因为我的经历很符合您的要求。

as the enclosed resume indicates, 我已经在目前就职的公司工作达三年之久and havegiven outstanding performance. 在过去三年中我一直在经营我们公司推出的最新产品and have madegreat achievements.

i’ll be happy to tell you more about my experience in an interview.

you can reach me by telephone during the day at 12345, and in the evening at 54321 .

yours faithfully,

li ming

2. directions:you have just bought a microwave oven. write a letter to the sales department of the company to:

1) give some information about the machine,
2) complain about the problems,
3) ask for replacement

letter of complaint

dear sirs,

the microwave oven no. ag/5436/32, which i ordered from you, arrived on august 15.

i very much regret to inform you that the machine has beenbadly damaged.当我打开包装时发现微波炉的盖子已经破裂and the surface of the machine hadbeen scratched.

would you please let me know您是否愿意寄给我一台新的微波炉and whether i should arrange to return the damaged one to you?

in the meantime, i shall hold on to the machine you sent until i hear from you.

many thanks.

yours faithfully,

li ming

选择搭配题参考译文

今年美国对技术应用方面的正面和负面的新闻报道几乎没有什么令人惊奇之处。这确实让我感到奇怪。好的一面，计算机的拥有率和互联网连接率正在提高。在过去四年间，拥有计算机的家庭数量几乎翻了一倍。今天，计算机作为家电已进入了42％的美国家庭。

这些计算机越来越多地和互联网相连，在线连接仅仅在去年就超过了50％。现在，超过1/4的美国家庭能在网络空间漫游。

这种爆炸式的增长几乎是没有任何制约的。网络进入家庭和计算机拥有率的增长延伸到各类人群中――不管他们的种族、地理位置、收入及受教育程度。

我们认为这个发展趋势是有利的，因为计算机技术可以赋予一个人开拓能力。事实上，个人的发展以及美国经济的繁荣都可以看作是个人和集体技术威力的长期奖励。我个人希望这些看法是真的，同时在未来技术的发展能带来世界和平、关爱、理解这些附产品。

非常美好，是吧？现在说一些不怎么好的吧。政府的分析报告中出现了所谓的“数字化差距”。也就是说，数字化的发展速度并不是对于每个人都一样。是的，没错！我们现在进入互联网的程度比以往任何时候都要高。但是，我们当中有些人比另一些人进入互联网的速度要快得多，而且更深入。这种差距正在扩大，随着信息社会前进的步伐越来越快。

计算机拥有率和互联网连接率，按财产、种族、教育、地域的不同差别很大。数据显示，在那些富有的并且受过更高等教育的人群当中，计算机的普遍程度和互联网的连接率都要高，从根本上讲，是指那些富有的白人，拥有高中以及大学文凭而且是稳定的、双亲家庭中的一员。

收入最高的阶层，那些年薪超过75，000 美元的家庭，比起那些低收入家庭（年薪只有10，000的家庭），在互联网连接率上要超过20倍。家庭计算机的普及率在那些高收入人群中达到令人吃惊的76.56％。而在低收入人群中都只有8％。

对技术的掌握按教育水平划分，差别也很大。大学毕业的人与只受过小学教育的人中在家上网的人数相差16倍。如果在乡村来比较这些群体差异，大学毕业的人与其差距价达到26倍，占据很大优势。

作业：1. 全面总结完形和英译汉。 2. 尽快做完“复习指导”中相关各章的练习。

赠言：不吃苦中苦，那有甜中甜。

祝同学们身体健康、考研成功！

张洪兵

经济英语 （对话）

you mention that the regional trading blocs(集团) need to beconsistent with gatt (关贸总协定) and multilateral(多边的) agreements in orderto fit in (相处融洽). but is there any possibility that the asia-pacificeconomic cooperation group (apec), for example, could become a rival togatt, just because of its size?

no, there isn’t. there is nobody as far as i know in apec –if there is anybody they are in a very small minority – who has anyintention of creating a situation where there are conflicting regionaltrading blocs because virtually everybody in apec has a local marketwhich they serve.

so i don’t think that the prospect of creating an exclusorybloc suits anybody’s purposes. apart from everything else i’m sure thatthere is a general recognition that the two giant traders in the world,the european union and the united states, are better kept within aglobal system rather than regionalized where one of them is thedominant force in a particular trading arrangement.

apec is starting to flex its muscles(显示实力) now and it seemsthat it’s going to at least want to have some dealings of its own –apec wanting to negotiate with the european union for example. willthat come within the gatt rules as well?

apec will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have toseek to be open rather than closed in its approach. i don’t think thatanybody envisages (设想) apec as having the same deep institutional depthas the european union which is quite a different thing from anything ihave heard envisaged for apec.