胡敏考研英语考前10天模拟试题

directions:

　　read the following text. choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)
考试大
　　things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when mcdonald’s announced in 1999 that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn’t meet its guidelines for care of chickens. those guidelines included limiting the 1 of birds that could be kept in one 2 and prohibiting beak removal,3 trimming just the tips.
考试大
　　once mcdonald’s had 4 the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company’s suppliers, many other giants of the fast food industry rapidly followed 5, including burger king, taco bell, pizza hut, wendy’s, a&w. and kfc. now, the american meat institute has 6 welfare guidelines and audit 7 for cattle, pigs, and chickens. and the european union, representing our foreign customers, is also 8 in with, among other things, legislation banning 9 use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10 in 2013.
考试大
　　questions about animal care 11 with the explosive growth in large scale livestock farms, 12 spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts.” that spurred ars and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal 13 issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts 14 through scientific research. the goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its 15 guidelines.
考试大
　　ten years ago, to 16 these concerns, ars started a research program on livestock behavior and stress. the scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were 17 stressing animals. and if so, could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that 18 could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?
考试大
　　a decade later, the 19 answer is “yes” to both questions. many had expected the answer to be “no” on both counts, but science works independently 20 people’s opinions.
考试大
1. [a] amount [b] number [c] figure [d] sum

2. [a] cage [b] cave [c] case [d] cart

3. [a] but for [b] except for [c] aside from [d] away from

4. [a] paved [b] changed [c] led [d] opened
考试大
5. [a] suit [b] step [c] set [d] super

6. [a] adapted [b] adopted [c] approved [d] accepted

7. [a] booklets [b] pamphlets [c] brochures [d] checklists

8. [a] measuring [b] weighing [c] considering [d] thinking

9. [a] prolonged [b] proceeded [c] programmed [d] progressed

10. [a] efficient [b] effective [c] effusive [d] elective

11. [a] raised [b] rose [c] arose [d] posed

12. [a] who [b] what [c] which [d] how
考试大
13. [a] health [b] life [c] wealth [d] welfare

14. [a] decided [b] determined [c] proved [d] tested

15. [a] voluntary [b] revolutionary [c] preliminary [d]necessary
考试大
16. [a] express [b] address [c] suppress [d] compress
考试大
17. [a] unduly [b] unequally [c] unfortunately [d] unfavorably

18. [a] performances [b] programs [c] problems [d] practices

19. [a] sequential [b] initial [c] essential [d] financial

20. [a] of [b] on [c] by [d] with



directions:

　　read the following text. choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)

　　things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when mcdonald’s announced in 1999 that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn’t meet its guidelines for care of chickens. those guidelines included limiting the 1 of birds that could be kept in one 2 and prohibiting beak removal,3 trimming just the tips.

　　once mcdonald’s had 4 the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company’s suppliers, many other giants of the fast food industry rapidly followed 5, including burger king, taco bell, pizza hut, wendy’s, a&w. and kfc. now, the american meat institute has 6 welfare guidelines and audit 7 for cattle, pigs, and chickens. and the european union, representing our foreign customers, is also 8 in with, among other things, legislation banning 9 use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10 in 2013.

　　questions about animal care 11 with the explosive growth in large scale livestock farms, 12 spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts.” that spurred ars and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal 13 issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts 14 through scientific research. the goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its 15 guidelines.

　　ten years ago, to 16 these concerns, ars started a research program on livestock behavior and stress. the scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were 17 stressing animals. and if so, could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that 18 could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?

　　a decade later, the 19 answer is “yes” to both questions. many had expected the answer to be “no” on both counts, but science works independently 20 people’s opinions.

1. [a] amount [b] number [c] figure [d] sum

2. [a] cage [b] cave [c] case [d] cart

3. [a] but for [b] except for [c] aside from [d] away from

4. [a] paved [b] changed [c] led [d] opened

5. [a] suit [b] step [c] set [d] super

6. [a] adapted [b] adopted [c] approved [d] accepted

7. [a] booklets [b] pamphlets [c] brochures [d] checklists

8. [a] measuring [b] weighing [c] considering [d] thinking

9. [a] prolonged [b] proceeded [c] programmed [d] progressed

10. [a] efficient [b] effective [c] effusive [d] elective

11. [a] raised [b] rose [c] arose [d] posed

12. [a] who [b] what [c] which [d] how

13. [a] health [b] life [c] wealth [d] welfare

14. [a] decided [b] determined [c] proved [d] tested

15. [a] voluntary [b] revolutionary [c] preliminary [d]necessary

16. [a] express [b] address [c] suppress [d] compress

17. [a] unduly [b] unequally [c] unfortunately [d] unfavorably

18. [a] performances [b] programs [c] problems [d] practices

19. [a] sequential [b] initial [c] essential [d] financial

20. [a] of [b] on [c] by [d] with

part a 考试大

　　directions:

　　read the following four texts. answer the questions below eachtext by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40points )

text 1

　　commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and theyfrequently fail to run on time. as if that were not bad enough,tsuyoshi hondou, a physicist at tohoku university in japan, published apaper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feeluncomfortable. dr hondou examined mobile phone usage in enclosed spacessuch as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, inessence, metal boxes. his model predicted that a large number ofpassengers crowded together, all blathering, sending text messages, orbrowsing the web on their phones, could produce levels ofelectromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards.that is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflectedoff the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. enough radiationescapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but therest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves.

　　this sounds worrying. but maybe it isn’t after all. in a paperpublished recently in applied physics letters, jaime ferrer and lucasfernández seivane from the university of oviedo in spain—along withcolleagues from the polytechnic university of madrid and telefónicamóviles, a spanish mobile operator—dispute dr hondou’s findings. theyconclude that the level of radiation is safe after all.

　　the key addition to the new research is the effect of thepassengers themselves. while each phone produces radiation that bouncesaround the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effectof reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audiencechanges the acoustics of a concert hall, making it less reverberant. drhondou’s model, in short, was valid only in the case of a singlepassenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone onevery seat.

　　while dr hondou acknowledged this in his original paper, he didnot specifically calculate the effect that leaving out the otherpassengers would have on the radiation level. as a result, say theauthors of the new paper, he significantly overestimated the level ofelectromagnetic radiation. when one is sitting on a train, dr ferrerand his colleagues found, the most important sources of radiation areone’s own phone, and those of one’s immediate neighbours. the radiationfrom these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from wavesbouncing around the carriage. and all these sources together produce alevel of radiation within the bounds defined by the icnirp, theinternational body that regulates such matters.

21. according to paragraph 1, the essential common characteristic of train carriages, buses, and lifts is that
[a] they are all metal boxes.
[b] they are often stuffy and overcrowded.
[c] they all allow enough radiation to escape for mobile communications to take place.
[d] people use their mobile phones in them.

22. how could “levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards” be produced?
[a] mobile phones give off a lot of electromagnetic radiation.
[b] train carriages, buses, and lifts are not safe places to use mobile phones.
[c] a lot of people could use their mobile phones in a confined space at the same time.
[d] blathering produces radio waves which bounce around the interior of these places.

23. why do the spanish researchers dispute dr. hondou’s theory?
[a] because they are funded by a mobile phone operator.
[b] because people absorb electromagnetic radiation.
[c] because electromagnetic radiation isn’t dangerous at all.
[d] because dr. hondou assumed that every single person was using their mobile phone at exactly the same time.

24. dr. hondou’s research was not thorough enough because
[a] he didn’t have enough time to assess everything before his paper was published.
[b] he didn’t admit that the people in train carriages, buses,and lifts could influence the level of electromagnetic radiation.
[c] he didn’t investigate the effect of people on electromagnetic radiation levels.
[d] japan is a crowded country where people often use mobile phones, so he only looked at that specific situation.

25. according to the spanish researchers, which of the following statements is true?
[a] the closer you are to a mobile phone, the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
[b] the closer you are to a mobile phone that is being used tosend and receive signals, the greater your exposure to electromagneticradiation.
[c] the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected by metal is almost too small to be measured.
[d] you shouldn’t stand close to people who are using theirmobile phones in train carriages, buses, and lifts.

　　last year a high profile panel of experts known as thecopenhagen consensus ranked the world’s most pressing environmental,health and social problems in a prioritized list. assembled by thedanish environmental assessment institute under its then director,bjorn lomborg, the panel used cost benefit analysis to evaluate where alimited amount of money would do the most good. it concluded that thehighest priority should go to immediate concerns with relatively wellunderstood cures, such as control of malaria. long term challenges suchas climate change, where the path forward and even the scope of thethreat remain unclear, ranked lower.

　　usually each of these problems is treated in isolation, asthough humanity had the luxury of dealing with its problems one by one.the copenhagen consensus used state of the art techniques to try tobring a broader perspective. in so doing, however, it revealed how thestate of the art fails to grapple with a simple fact: the future isuncertain. attempts to predict it have a checkered history—fromdeclarations that humans would never fly, to the doom and gloomeconomic and environmental forecasts of the 1970s, to claims that the“new economy” would do away with economic ups and downs. notsurprisingly, those who make decisions tend to stay focused on the nextfiscal quarter, the next year, the next election. feeling unsure oftheir compass, they hug the familiar shore.

　　this understandable response to an uncertain future means,however, that the nation’s and the world’s long term threats often getignored altogether or are even made worse by shortsighted decisions. ineveryday life, responsible people look out for the long term despitethe needs of the here and now: we do homework, we save for retirement,we take out insurance. the same principles should surely apply tosociety as a whole. but how can leaders weigh the present against thefuture? how can they avoid being paralyzed by scientific uncertainty?

　　in well-understood situations, science can reliably predict theimplications of alternative policy choices. these predictions, combinedwith formal methods of decision analysis that use mathematical modelsand statistical methods to determine optimal courses of action, canspecify the trade-offs that society must inevitably make. 　

　　corporate executives and elected officials may not always heedthis advice, but they do so more often than a cynic might suppose.analysis has done much to improve the quality of lawmaking, regulationand investment. national economic policy is one example. conceptsintroduced by analysts in the 1930s and 1940s—unemployment rate,current account deficit and gross national product—are now commonplace.for the most part, governments have learned to avoid the radicalboom-and-bust cycles that were common in the 19th and early 20thcenturies.

27. paragraph 2 intends to demonstrate that
[a] technology cannot solve all our problems.
[b] predictions are usually inaccurate.
[c] solving problems one-by-one is ineffective.
[d] thinking short-term is often reasonable.

28. according to the text, how could scientific uncertainty paralyse decision-making by world leaders?
[a] by presenting many different solutions to problems.
[b] by presenting short-term solutions and long-term ones.
[c] by presenting solutions to problems that are not well understood.
[d] by presenting solutions that are too technical for decision-makers to comprehend.

29. according to the text, how have governments learned to avoid boom-and-bust economic cycles?
[a] by using mathematical and statistical models prepared by experts.
[b] by observing historical economic patterns.
[c] by improving the quality of lawmaking.
[d] by discussing the implications and effects of various policies.

30. what are the “trade-offs” mentioned in the final paragraph?
[a] difficult decisions.
[b] things which have benefits in some ways and costs in others.
[c] key, costly decisions.
[d] things that promote economic prosperity.

　　ingenious teenagers can find every manner of reason to take apass on summer school: there’s the two week family vacation in themiddle of the four-week session, not to mention the potential for a dayjob scooping ice cream—or the fear that they might bomb at cramming asemester’s worth of work into a month. in the digital age, however,none is reason enough. the rapid spread of online learning at thesecondary level—experts estimate that more than half of all schooldistricts offer some virtual coursework, up from just 30 percent twoyears ago—is now creating “anywhere, anytime” flexibility for summerstudents, too.

　　while the total numbers are still small, many hundreds ofstudents around the country will be signing on in the next week or twofor everything from u.s. history to human space exploration. incalifornia, graham petersen, who just finished his junior year in paloalto, will study algebra ii through the online arm of oregon’s salemkeizer school district while working as a teacher’s assistant in achildren’s program. “this is no shortcut—it’s the full course. but youcan work at 11 o’clock at night,” says robert currie, executivedirector of michigan virtual high school, whose courses, like most, areavailable nationally.

　　beyond convenience, there are instructional reasons to considerthe virtual classroom. those who have struggled in a course during theyear often find that the online format makes it easier to master thecontent. “most students finish with a’s and b’s, because teachers don’tlet them go through with d’s,” says jan bleek, principal of theinternet academy, an arm of the federal way district near seattle thatis offering 45 summer courses at $180 each. “there’s lots of revision,a lot of work that goes on in depth between teacher and student afterwork has been submitted.” while grading policies vary, kids often arefree to retake assessments or to work through several practice examsuntil they’re ready to be tested. “i got a b—the highest grade in mathi’ve ever, ever gotten since sixth grade,” says petersen, who took thefirst half of salem keizer’s online algebra ii class this spring afterfailing the course first semester.

　　success depends largely on actually tackling the content, ofcourse—and nobody (other than parents, perhaps) will be breathing downa student’s neck. so it’s important to be realistic about whetheronline study is a good fit with a teenager’s learning style. “the no. 1thing is, are you capable of working on your own?” says kathyarmstrong, an english teacher at harris county high in hamilton, ga.,who is also an instructor for virtual high school. since material ispresented as text rather than by lecture, being a proficient reader isa must.

31. according to the first paragraph, the reason why teenagersused to have an excuse for not taking academic summer courses is that
[a] they had more important things to do.
[b] they had other distractions and obligations.
[c] society wasn’t as competitive.
[d] they were better at making excuses.

32. why is graham peterson studying online?
[a] because he is not up to the required standard in algebra.
[b] because he likes working at night.
[c] because he likes studying at night.
[d] because he wants to study and work.

33. it can be inferred from the text that students usually get a’s and b’s because
[a] studying online is better and more convenient for them.
[b] the teachers are not as strict and give higher scores than at regular schools.
[c] most of the students studying online are smarter than average.
[d] the teaching and assessment process continues even after students have submitted their initial work.

34. according to the text, how is studying online different to conventional study methods?
[a] it’s suitable for anyone.
[b] it requires some different study skills.
[c] grading policies vary.
[d] students can take more practise tests before taking the real exam.

35. the best title of the text might be
[a] learning via the internet is easy.
[b] learning via the internet is relaxing.
[c] learning via the internet can be convenient and instructive.
[d] summer school is easier than before.

　　the bbc, britain’s mammoth public-service broadcaster, has longbeen a cause for complaint among its competitors in television, radioand educational and magazine publishers. newspapers, meanwhile, havebeen protected from it because they published in a different medium.that’s no longer the case. the internet has brought the bbc andnewspapers in direct competition—and the bbc looks like coming off best.

　　the improbable success online of britain’s lumbering giant of apublic service broadcaster is largely down to john birt, a formerdirector general who “got” the internet before any of the other big menof british media. he launched the corporation’s online operations in1998, saying that the bbc would be a trusted guide for peoplebewildered by the variety of online services. the bbc now has 525sites. it spends ￡15m ($27m) a year on its news website and another
￡51m on others ranging from society and culture to science,nature and entertainment. but behind the websites are the vastnewsgathering and programme making resources, including over 5,000journalists, funded by its annual ￡2.8 billion public subsidy.

　　for this year’s chelsea flower show, for instance, the bbc’sgardening micro site made it possible to zoom around each competinggarden, watch an interview with the designer and click on “leafhotspots” about individual plants. for this year’s election, the newswebsite offered a wealth of easy-to-use statistical detail onconstituencies, voting patterns and polls. this week the bbc announcedfree downloads of several beethoven symphonies performed by one of itsfive in-house orchestras. that particularly annoys newspapers, whoseonline sites sometimes offer free music downloads—but they have to paythe music industry for them.

　　it is the success of the bbc’s news website that most troublesnewspapers. its audience has increased from 1.6m unique weekly users in2000 to 7.8m in 2005; and its content has a breadth and depth thatnewspapers struggle to match. newspapers need to build up their onlinebusinesses because their offline businesses are flagging. totalnewspaper readership has fallen by about 30% since 1990 and readers aregetting older as young people increasingly get their news from othersources—principally the internet. in 1990, 38% of newspaper readerswere under 35. by 2002, the figure had dropped to 31%. just this week,dominic lawson, the editor of the sunday telegraph, was sacked forfailing to stem its decline. some papers are having some success inbuilding audiences online—the guardian, which has by far the mostsuccessful newspaper site, gets nearly half as many weekly users as thebbc—but the problem is turning them into money.

36. what does “john birt … ‘got’ the internet before any of the other big men of british media” mean?
[a] john birt was connected to the internet before his competitors.
[b] john birt launched the bbc website before his competitors launched theirs.
[c] john birt understood how the internet could be used by news media before his competitors did.
[d] john birt understood how the internet worked before his competitors did.

37. why does the text state that the bbc’s success in the field of internet news was “improbable”?
[a] because the bbc is a large organisation.
[b] because the bbc is not a private company.
[c] because the bbc is not a successful media organisation.
[d] because the bbc doesn’t make a profit.

38. the author cites the examples in paragraph 3 in order to demonstrate that
[a] the bbc’s websites are innovative and comprehensive.
[b] the bbc’s websites are free and wide-ranging.
[c] the bbc spends its money well.
[d] the bbc uses modern technology.

39. the bbc needn’t to pay the music industry to provide classical music downloads for users of its websites because
[a] the bbc is britain’s state-owned media organisation.
[b] the bbc has a special copyright agreement with the big music industry companies.
[c] the bbc produces classical music itself.
[d] the bbc lets the music industry use its orchestras for free.

40. according to the final paragraph, the main advantage that the bbc has over newspapers is that
[a] more people use the bbc website.
[b] the bbc doesn’t need to make a profit.
[c] the bbc has more competent managers.
[d] young people are turning to the internet for news coverage.

　　directions:
　　in the following text, some sentences have been removed. forquestions 41 45, choose the most suitable one from the list a g to fitinto each of numbered blanks. there are two extra choices, which do notfit in any of the blanks. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (10points)

　　from southeast asia to the black sea, fishing nets have becomedeathtraps for thousands of whales, dolphins and porpoises—specieswhose survival will be threatened unless fishing methods change.

　　the world wildlife fund, a u.s. based environmental group,lists species threatened by accidental catch, and recommends low coststeps to reduce their entanglement in fishing gear. (41) . dolphins inthe philippines, india and thailand are urgent priorities.

　　 threatened populations include irrawaddy dolphins inmalampyaya sound off the philippines’ palawan island, about 220 milessouth of manila. only 77 remain. dolphins also face the threat oftraders who sell them to aquariums, especially in asia.

(42) . the wwf report said up to 3,000 spinner dolphins may becaught each year in gillnets, which stretch from the sea floor to thesurface and are hard for dolphins to see or detect with their sonar.

(43). dolphins are also under threat in indonesia, myanmar, india’s chilka lake and thailand’s songkhla lake.
fishing gear kills thousands of porpoises each year in the blacksea. atlantic humpback dolphins face the same fate off the coasts ofghana and togo in africa, as do franciscana dolphins in argentina,uruguay and brazil. indo pacific humpback and bottlenose dolphins oftendie in nets off the south coast of zanzibar.

(44) .u.s. fisheries in 1993 2003 introduced changes that reducedby a third the number of dolphins accidentally killed by fishing, orbycatch. but few other countries have followed that example and in muchof the rest of the world, progress on bycatch mitigation has been slowto nonexistent.

(45). slight modifications in fishing gear can mean the difference between life and death for dolphins.

[a] in the pacific ocean, bottlenose dolphins are found fromnorthern japan and california to australia and chile. they are alsofound offshore in the eastern tropical pacific as far west as thehawaiian islands. off the california coast bottlenose dolphins havebeen observed as far north as monterey, particularly during years ofunusual warmth.

[b] researchers estimate that fishing gear kills about 300,000whales, dolphins and porpoises a year in the world’s oceans.

[c] if the mammals are trapped underwater in nets and can’t get to the surface to breathe, they drown.

[d] according to iwc reports, in the 2003/2004 season, japankilled, under “special permit,” 443 minke whales in the antarctic, andin the north pacific, 151 minkes, 50 bryde’s whales, 50 sei whales, and10 sperm whales. japanese media have reported that japan plans toexpand its annual whale hunt to take two new species—humpback whalesand fin whales—as well as nearly doubling its planned catch of minkewhales. both humpback and fin whales are on the world conservationunion’s red list of threatened species.

[e] other threatened populations include spinner and fraser’s dolphins in the philippines’ sulu sea.

[f] most of the animals are threatened by the widespread use of one type of fishing gear gillnets.

[g] these accidental deaths can be significantly reduced, often with very simple, low cost solutions.

　　directions:
　　read the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into chinese. your translation should be writtenneatly on answer sheet 2. (10 points)

　　hollywood and the music industry can file piracy lawsuitsagainst technology companies caught encouraging customers to stealmusic and movies over the internet. (46) the justices, aiming tocurtail what they called a “staggering” volume of piracy online,largely set aside concerns that new lawsuits would inhibit technologycompanies from developing the next ipod or other high tech gadgets orservices. the unanimous ruling is expected to have little immediateimpact on consumers, though critics said it could lead companies toinclude digital locks to discourage illegal behavior.

　　the justices left in place legal protections for companies thatmerely learn customers might be using products for illegal purposes.(47)copying digital files such as movies, music or software programs“threatens copyright holders as never before” because it’s so easy andpopular, especially among young people. entertainment companiesmaintain that online thieves trade 2.6 billion songs, movies and otherdigital files each month.

　　(49)grokster ltd. and streamcast networks inc., developers ofleading internet file sharing software, can be sued because theydeliberately encouraged customers to download copyrighted filesillegally so they could build a larger audience and sell moreadvertising. writing for the court.

　　(50)but the court also said a technology company couldn’t besued if it merely learns its customers are using its products forillegal purposes. that balancing test, the court said, is necessary sothat it “does nothing to compromise legitimate commerce or discourageinnovation having a lawful promise.” the court said it wanted toprotect an inventor who must predict how consumers months or years inthe future might use new technology.

section Ⅲ writing

part a

51. directions:
your professor has given you a grade on a paper that is muchlower than what you were expecting. write a letter of approximately 100words including the following:
1) your name, and class and the information about your paper;
2) a request for the professor to provide you with an explanation; and
3) a possible resolution.
write your letter on answer sheet 2. do not sign your name at theend of the letter; use “li ming” instead. you do not need to write theaddress. (10 points)

part b

52. directions:
write an essay ranging from 160 200 words based on the picture provided. your essay should
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture;
2) state whether you agree or disagree with the idea; and
3) give an example which illustrates your opinion.