2002 Text 3
decline (n.v.下降;衰落v.谢绝)←de向下+cline倾斜;同根词:incline(v.倾斜;倾向于n.斜坡)←in(=to)+cline。People decline invitations when they are "indisposed" physically, and I wish they would do likewise when they fell indisposed emotionally.人们在身体“不适”时谢绝邀请,我希望他们在觉得情绪上不适时也能同样做。We perceive when love begins and when it declines by our embarrassment when alone together.我们由仅余两人时的局促不安察觉爱情于何时发生,何时减退。
scary (引起惊慌的)即scar(e)+y,scare(n.v.惊恐),-y形容词后缀。More powerful creation may scare many people away, but more intrepid people will be captivated by it.更加强有力的作品可能吓退许多人,但比较勇敢的人们会被它吸引住。
quadruple (四倍的;使成四倍;四倍)即quadru+ple,quadru-前缀“四”(=quarter),ple词根“折叠”,complicated所含的词根plic也是“折叠”的意思(参2002年Text 2)。
triple (三倍的;使成三倍;三倍)即tri+ple,tri-前缀“三”,如triangle(三角形)←tri+angle角。
inflation (膨胀;通货膨胀;自夸)即in+flat+ion,in-(=into),flat词根“吹”,-ion名词后缀,故“往里面吹”→膨胀。Inflation: When nobody has enough money because everybody has too much.通货膨胀:由于人人钱太多而谁的钱都不够的时候。
gloom (v.n.阴暗;忧愁),
形容词为gloomy (阴暗的;阴沉的),那首据说有杀人魔力的歌曲就叫Gloomy Sunday。Love is the flame of life, without it, everything in life becomes gloomy.爱是生命的火焰,没有它,生命中的一切都变得暗淡无光。
doom (n.厄运v.注定)。A society that gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure, and to another all the burdens of work, dooms both classes to spiritual sterility.一个将闲暇的全部机会都给予一个阶级,而将劳作的全部重负都给予另一个阶级的社会,注定了两个阶级都处于精神贫瘠。
suspend (v.悬挂;延缓)即sus+pend,sus-前缀“在下面”,pend词根“挂”,故“暂且挂在下面不管”→搁置;
名词形式为suspension / ←sus+pens挂+ion。The best of men cannot suspend their fate.最好的人也无法推迟死亡。
consequence (后果;重要性)←con+sequ(=follow)+ence。It is easy to dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge the consequences of dodging our responsibilities.逃避责任很容易,但逃避责任的后果我们却无法逃避。With books, as with companions, it is of more consequence to know which to avoid, than which to chuse(chuse是古英语=choose).读书如交友,懂得避开哪些比懂得选择哪些更重要。
conservation (保护;保存;守恒)即con+serv(e)+ation,con-前缀“全部”,serve词根“保持”(=keep),-ation名词后缀;动词为conserve←con+serve。A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.不具备某种变革手段的国家也不具备保存自己的手段。
energy-intensive 能源密集型。
consumption (消费量,消耗)即consum(e)+ption,consume(v.消费,消耗),-ption名词后缀,m后加p便于发音,如assume(假定;承担;呈现)→assumption、presume(v.假设)→presumption。Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure.引人注目地挥霍贵重财物是有闲绅士取得名声的手段。We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.我们没有权利享用幸福而不创造幸福,正像没有权力享用财富而不创造财富一样。
consultancy (顾问工作;咨询业)←consult+ancy名词后缀;consult(v.商量;查询;会诊)←比consul(领事)在最后多字母t,“他(t)去找‘领事’‘商量’”,名词为consultation←consult+ation名词后缀。Well, one can always consult a man and ask him: "Would you like your head cut off tomorrow?" and after he has said: "I would rather not", cut it off. Consultation is a vagues and elastic term.是的,什么时候都可以跟一个人商量,问他:“你愿意明天被砍头吗?”接着,在他说了“我不愿意”之后,砍掉他的脑袋。磋商是个含糊的带弹性的词。←这是英国老流氓丘吉尔说的,意思是:既然不愿意明天砍头,那么就在今天砍吧。
GDP(国民生产总值)即Gross Domestic Product。
OECD(经济合作与发展组织)即Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development。
estimate (v.n.估计,估价)。True modesty does not consist in an ignorance of our merits, but in a due estimate of it.真正的谦虚不在于对自己的长处一无所知,而在于对它们的恰当评价。
excess(过量额外的)即ex+cess,ex-前缀“出”,cess词根“走”,故“走到范围之外的”→过量的;动词形式为exceed(超过)←ex+ceed走。The best things carried to excess are wrong.最好的东西超过限度也会变坏。He is poor whose expenses exceed his income.开支超过收入的人就是穷人。
sizable / (相当大的)←siz(e)+able;size(大小,尺寸)。You can tell the size of a man by the size of the things that make him mad.根据使一个人发怒的事情的大小,可以判断这个人的气量。
significant / (有意义的;重要的)即signify(y变形为i)表示+cant形容词后缀,“值得表示的”→有意义的;signify即sign+ify,sign标记,-ify动词后缀,“作标记”→表示。An art is only great and significant if it is one that all may enjoy.艺术作品只有在所有人都可以欣赏时才是伟大的、重要的。Love has various lodgings; the same word does not always signify the same thing.爱拥有形形色色的住所,同一个词不总是意味着同样的东西。
2002 Text 4
suicide (v.n.自杀)即sui+cide,sui词根=self,cide词根“切”=cut,于是“拿刀切自己”→自杀。Every suicide is a solution to a problem.每件自杀都是对一个问题的解决。suicide — the only perfect crime that remains unpunished 自杀——唯一不受惩罚的完美罪行。
constitutional (构成的;体质的;宪法的)即con+stitut(e)+ion+al,con-前缀“一起”,stitute词根“建立”,-ion名词后缀,-al形容词后缀;名词形式为constitution(构成;体质;宪法)←con+stitut(e)+ion;动词为constitute(构成)←con+stitute。Why is woman persistently regarded as a mystery? It is not that she has labored to conceal the organic and psychological facts of her constitution, but that men have showed no interest in exploring them.为什么女人总是被视为神秘的事物?原因并不是她极力隐瞒了关于自身生理与心理的事实,而是男人从来就没有对探索这些事实表现过兴趣。The two powers which in my opinion constitute a wise man are those of bearing and forbearing.在我看来,造就智者的两种力量是忍受和克制。
principle (原理;信念)可把princi看作print(印刷),ple看作“倍数”(如quadruple、triple,参2002年Text 3),于是“反反复复印刷的东西”→原理(联想:地下党反复印刷革命刊物宣传马克思主义原理)。When a fellow says, "It isn't the money but the principle of the thing," it's the money.当一个人说“这不是钱的问题而是原则问题”时,那就是钱的问题。
foresee (v.预知)即fore+see,fore前缀“在前”(如forehead额←fore+head),see看,“在事情发生前就能看到”→预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over.预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。
sufficient (足够的)即suf+fici+ent;suf-前缀“在下”(=sub-,f前b变形为f),fici看作face面(元音字母替换),-ent形容词后缀,低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”;
insufficient (不足的)←in否定前缀+sufficient。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。
mediation (仲裁,媒介作用)即medi+ation,medi(=middle)词根“中间的”,-ation名词后缀,文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词:medium(中等的;媒介;手段)←medi+um后缀。
maintain (v.维修;维持;支持)即main+tain,main词根=hand,tain词根=hold(参unsustainable,2003年Text 4)。He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes; for he must invent twenty more to maintain that one.说谎者没有意识到自己要承担多么艰巨的任务,因为他必须再说二十个谎言来维持这个谎言。
prescribe (v.指示;开处方)←pre在前+scribe写,“在拿药之前写”→开处方。If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important.我如果是医生,就会开处方给所有认为自己的工作非同小可的病人放一天假。
legitimate (合法的;v.合法)即legitim+ate,legitim词根“合法”(leg即词根“法律”),-ate后缀。
homicide (n.杀人,杀人者)即homi+cide,homi词根“人”=human,cide词根“切”=cut。
debate (v.n.争论,辩论)即de+bate,de-向下,bate词根“打”=beat,“通过语言把对手打倒”→“辩论”。同根词:combat(v.n.战斗,格斗)←com一起+bat。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。
ineffectual (无效的)←in否定前缀+effect效果+ual形容词后缀,与ineffective意思相近但有区别,ineffectual强调“不起作用的”,ineffective强调“效率低的”。
hospice (收容所)可看作hosp(ital)+ice,医院里什么都没有,只有冰,于是就不能再叫医院了,叫“收容所”。
predictably (可预言地)←pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y,参prediction(2003年Text 1)。
systematic (系统的;有计划的)←system系统+-atic形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。
incompetently (无能力地)即in+competent+ly,in-否定前缀,competnet(有能力的),-ly副词后缀。
define (下定义;限定)即de+fine,de-向下,fine词根“界限”。Man is made in such a way that he continually has to define himself and continually escape his own definitions.人注定要不断地给自己下定义,又不断地逃避他自己的定义。
desperate (绝望的;不顾一切的)←desper+ate,desper同despair(v.n.绝望),-ate形容词后缀。If the failures of this world could realize how desperate half the present-day geniuses once felt, they would take heart and try again.世上的失败者若能了解到当今的天才有半数一度感到过多么绝望,他们就会振作精神再次努力。It is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.不做孤注一掷之事是智者的特征。
morphine 吗啡(音译);well-meaning 善意的。