vaccination n．种痘，接种疫苗
we need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement，a father’s bypass operation，a baby’s vaccinations (n.)，and even a pet's shots．[2003年阅读]
[译文]我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。
vaccine a．疫苗的，牛痘的；n．疫苗
to those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments，as well as new treatments and vaccines (n.)，animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst．[2003年阅读]
[译文]许多人不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。
validate vt．批准，证实
how well the predictions will be validated (vt.) by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted．[1995年翻译]
[译文]这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
vice versa ad．反之亦然
whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (ad.) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force．[1994年翻译]
[译文]政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取