名人教英文:英十四行诗 历久常新(1)
十六世纪英国文学深受欧洲文艺复兴影响,从欧陆吸纳了许多新体裁,包括自意大利传入的十四行诗(sonnet)。
顾名思义,十四行诗每首十四行。意大利十四行诗一般分两段,前段八行,后段六行;传入英国后,格式渐渐转变,分四段,前三段各四行,末段两行。十四行诗通常遵从一定的格律和押韵方式,例如意大利十四行诗常用「抑扬格五音步」(iambic pentameter,请参阅本栏10月18日文章),头八行韵式是a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a,尾六行韵式变化较多。
sir thomas wyatt是早期英文十四行诗作家,仍沿用意大利十四行诗的格式。以下是一例(斜体字为古旧用语):
my galley
my galley charged with forgetfulness (a)
thorough (= through) sharp seas in winter nights doth (=does) pass (b)
'tween rock and rock; and eke (= also) mine enemy, alas, (b)
that is my lord, steereth (= steers) with cruelness; (a)
and every oar a thought in readiness, (a)
as though that death were light in such a case. (b)
an endless wind doth tear the sail apace (b)
of forced sighs and trusty fearfulness. (a)
a rain of tears, a cloud of dark disdain, (c)
hath (= has) done the wearied cords great hinderance (=hindrance); (d)
wreathed with error and eke with ignorance. (d)
the stars be hid that led me to this pain; (c)
drowned is reason that should me consort (= accompany), (e)
and i remain despairing of the port. (e)
galley是桨帆船。诗中的桨帆船,被与之作对的主宰残酷摆布(mine enemy, alas, that is my lord, steereth with cruelness),历尽惊涛骇浪 (thorough sharp seas in winter nights doth pass, 'tween rock and rock),每划一次桨都有步向死亡的心理准备(and every oar a thought in readiness, as though that death were light in such a case)。
船被风雨摧残(an endless wind doth tear the sail apace…a rain of tears, a cloud of dark disdain, hath done the wearied cords great hinderance),失去方向(wreathed with error and eke with ignorance),只好在茫茫大海中沉溺(drowned is reason that should me consort),无望返岸(despairing of the port)。
全首诗是一个隐喻,作者自喻为船,被爱神愚弄,跌跌撞撞,灰心丧志。下周我会详细分析诗中各个比喻,并探讨我们如何从数百年前的英十四行诗学到一些至今仍然有用的英语表达手法。
英语单词词汇学习:
apace:急速地
charged:多义词,在这首诗中的意思和loaded相同,指「满载」
despair of (something):对(某事)丧失希望
steer:带领
wreathed:被包围