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名人教英文:过度与不足

名人教英文:过度与不足

公立医院医生举行申诉大会,指医院人手严重不足、工作量过大,经常要超时工作。报道说:public hospitals are understaffed and medical wards are overcrowded. doctors complain they are overworked and underpaid.

这段文字里有几个以over-或under-为前缀的字:overcrowded过度挤迫、overworked工作过劳、understaffed人手不足、underpaid待遇过低。

这两个意义相反的前缀,十分常见。许多形容词、动词或名词,前面加上over或under,便得到带有「过量」和「不足」两个相反含义的字。例如一个地方人口过多和过少,叫overpopulated和underpopulated;教育程度过高和偏低是overeducated和undereducated;资历过高和偏低是overqualified和underqualified;人手过剩和不足叫overstaffed和understaffed;超重和过轻叫overweight和underweight。
高估可叫overestimate或overrate,相反词是underestimate或underrate。把食物煮得太熟叫overcook,煮得不够熟叫undercook。成就高于一般叫overachieve,相反 underachieve。使用过多是overuse,使用不足是underuse。收费过高是overcharge,收费过低是undercharge。

过了头的说法叫overstatement,轻描淡写的说法是understatement。例如:to say that this artefact is a work of art would be an overstatement,说话者认为他面前那件东西根本称不上艺术品。或者:to say that his writings were popular would be an understatement,「流行」一词不足以形容他的作品。

有的表示「过度」的字,并没有相应的表示「不足」的相反词。例如overcautious(过分小心)、overconfident(过分自信)、overgenerous(过分慷慨)、 overoptimistic(过分乐观)、overzealous(过分热心)等。财政司长在决定「派钱」之前,曾表示政府不应过分挥霍:the government should not overspend in giving generous handouts,他说的overspend是「过分花费」,人们不会说underspend的。

人们对预算案的评论中出现的另一个字是underprivileged,用来形容弱势社群,即「权利不足的」:critics said the government had failed to spend the surplus wisely, such as by boosting services to the underprivileged and elderly.

英语单词词汇学习:

understaffed……人手不足
overworked……工作过劳
underpaid……待遇过低
underprivileged……弱势(社群)