名人教英文：substitute和replace
近日有舆论批评新的《公司条例》限制了市民查阅公司董事个人资料的权利；但根据去年6月立法会《公司条例草案》（companies bill）委员会的报告，政府指条例大致跟从英国保障私隐的做法，而在澳洲，董事要证明自己或家人的安全受威胁，才能够用供送达文件的地址（service address）代替住址（residential address），似乎未能有效保障私隐。报告英文版如下：
"the administration has advised that proposals in the cb (companies bill) broadly follow the approach for protection of directors' residential addresses in the uk, which received more support than the australian approach, under which a director is allowed to substitute his usual residential address by a service address if his or his family members' personal safety is at risk. the australian approach appears to offer less effective protection...."
在此不讨论如何平衡知情权和私隐权，只想指出上文的substitute用错了。
a substitutes for / is a substitute for b和a replaces b都解作「a取代/代替b」。例如：
‧care by a domestic helper is a poor substitute for a mother's love for her child.
‧dr ko wing-man has replaced dr york chow as the secretary for food and health.
不过，so-and-so substitutes a for b和so-and-so replaces a with b的意思刚好相反。前者解「某某用a取代b」，后者解「某某用b取代a」。如：
‧donald tsang repeatedly substituted short-term fiscal palliatives (纾缓措施) for long-term policymaking in his annual addresses.
‧since the introduction of the plastic bag levy (征费), many people have replaced single-use plastic bags with reusable bags.
因此，「用送件地址代替住址」不是substitute his usual residential address by a service address，而是substitute a service address for his usual residential address或replace his usual residential address with a service address。
被动式的a is substituted for b 和a is replaced by b意思也相反。a is substituted for b是「a被用来取代b」（即「a取代b」），a is replaced by b却是「a被b取代」。如：
‧soy milk can be substituted for dairy milk in most recipes.
‧pagers (传呼机) have largely been replaced by cell phones.
现在愈来愈多人不依上述规矩，把substitute当作replace来用，但为免混淆，最好还是遵从传统文法。
英语单词词汇学习：
bill……条例草案
levy……征费
palliatives……纾缓措施