名人教英文:「非常」不简单
写作时如果通篇老是用同一个字表达一个意思,会予人词汇贫乏的感觉。多用同义和近义词能够令文字富于变化,但一些近义词的意思有些微差异,不一定在所有情况都可以交替使用。
举例说,要表示「非常」,不一定要用very。greatly、extremely和extraordinarily也有「非常」、「极之」的意思。这几个字的词义较为中性。
exceptionally和remarkably意思类似,通常带褒义。例如:the movie was exceptionally well-received.
至于带有贬义的例子包括grossly、pitifully、excessively、absurdly等等。
grossly解作「非常」或「严重地」,大多用于修饰含贬义的形容词,如:grossly unfair/ offensive/ irresponsible。例句:the grossly negligent parents left their baby in their car overnight.
absurdly、ludicrously和ridiculously即「荒谬地」,例如:
‧the company failed because of its absurdly optimistic market assumptions.
‧the ludicrously stringent business registration process in that developing country hampers its economic competitiveness.
pitifully 即「……得可怜」, 通常配形容「不足」的字词,如pitifully small/ low/ weak 。例句:pitifully few african-americans were allowed to vote before the passage of the voting rights act of 1965.
excessively即「过度」,如:loan sharks charge excessively high interest rates.
inordinately和exorbitantly皆与excessively近义。inordinately的用法比excessively正式,如:tax codes in latin american countries are inordinately complicated. 而exorbitantly只用于与金钱有关的情况,如exorbitantly expensive 。
上述几个词语含意不尽相同,所以并非在任何情况都可互通。我们可以说extremely/ absurdly/ pitifully inadequate,但不宜说excessively inadequate,因为excessively有「过多」的意思,与inadequate相反。
又例如pitifully通常表示不足,胸无大志可以用pitifully unambitious来形容;相反,野心太大可以用excessively ambitious来形容。不过,如果说一个人非常有抱负或雄心,则应该用带褒义的exceptionally ambitious。
英语单词词汇学习:
ambitious……有抱负(褒)/野心的 (贬)
negligent……疏忽的
stringent……严格
tax codes……税法