名人教英文:主动和被动语态的误区
active voice(主动语态)和passive voice(被动语态)的分别不难明白,但要使用得当,并非那么容易。
active voice句子的主语是「行动者」,宾语是「受动者」。将主语换成「受动者」,宾语换成「行动者」,就变成passive voice。例如:
‧active voice:john (行动者) wrote (动词) the article (受动者).
‧passive voice:the article (受动者) was written (be +过去分词) by john (by +行动者).
有时passive voice句子会略去「by +行动者」。
现代英语以简洁直接为上,一般来说用active voice较佳,至于使用passive voice的情况包括:
1. 突出「受动者」
professor chan is greatly respected by his students.(句子重点是陈教授。)
2. 不知道「行动者」,或「行动者」并不重要
the stadium was built for the olympics.(建造者不详或不重要,故被略去。)
3. 避免谈及「行动者」(但可能给人刻意隐瞒的感觉)
a decision has been made to cut costs.(避免谈及是谁作出裁减开支的决定。)
不少人误用active voice和passive voice,主要是因为错解句中动词,继而把「行动者」和「受动者」混淆,例如:
(错误)the document has disclosed. (active voice)
disclose解「披露」,the document是「受动者」,正确说法为:
(正确)passive voice:the document has been disclosed.
(正确)active voice:someone has disclosed the document.
又例如:
(错误)the conclusion bases on experimental results. (active voice)
这个错误源于将base on解成「是基于」。其实base x on y的意思是「根据y而作出x」,「行动者」是作出the conclusion的人(如researchers),而the conclusion是「受动者」,正确写法为:
(正确)passive voice:the conclusion is based on experimental results.
要避免上述错误,就要准确掌握动词的意思和用法。