New Words
<1>commencev.begin or start 开始
Shall we commence the meeting at ten o'clock? 会议十点开始，好吗？
The academic year commences at the beginning of October. 一学年从十月初开始。
<2>thrustvt.push sth. somewhere roughly 猛推；猛塞
He thrust the chair against the wall. 他把椅子推向墙壁。
The young man thrust the leaflets into the windows. 那个年轻人把宣传单塞进了窗户。
<3>apart ad.being separated from each other 分开地
We dragged the two men apart in case they hurt each other. 我们把那两个人拉开了，以免他们伤害到对方。
Jo and Sam decided to try living apart for a while. 乔与萨姆决定试着分开住一阵子。
<4>initiala.happening at the beginning 起初的，开始的
The initial talks were the base of the later agreement. 最初的谈判是随后达成协议的基础。
His initial answer was not good enough. 他最初的回答并不令人满意。
<5> initially ad. at the beginning 起初，起先
Initially, she objected to the plan, but later she changed her mind. 起先，她反对这一计划，但后来改变了主意。
She took interest in it initially, but she was not interested for long. 她一开始感兴趣，但没有保持多久。
<6>intensea.having a very strong effect or felt very strongly 强烈的，剧烈的
The farmers worked despite the intense heat. 尽管天气炎热，农民仍然在干活。
Some of these young people are under intense pressure to succeed. 一些年轻人为了成功承受着巨大压力。
<7>bleedvi. (bled, bled) lose blood 流血
The cut on his finger was bleeding. 他手指上的伤口在流血。
The man refused to go to the hospital, even though he was bleeding. 那个人正在流血，但他不肯去医院。
<8>haste n.[U] great speed in doing sth., esp. because time is limited 匆忙
Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。
He shut the door with haste. 他急忙关上门。
<9>trialn.1. [C] (~s) a sports competition in which people are tested and chosen for a later competition 预赛，选拔赛
The team was surprised at the result of the trials. 预赛结果让队里吃了一惊。
His performance in the trials gave him a chance to play for his country at the Olympics. 他在预赛中的表现让他有机会去参加奥运会。
2. [C, U] a process of examining a case in court 审判
Their trial will be held next week. 对他们的审判将于下周举行。
The case will go to trial in May. 这桩案子将在五月份审判。
3. [C, U] a process of testing to find out quality, value, etc. 试验，检验
The trials show that the medicine is quite effective in treating the disease. 试验表明这一药物治疗这种疾病很有效。
The first clinical trials are expected to begin next year. 第一轮临床试验应该在明年开始。
<10>significanta. very important 重要的；意义重大的
Please inform me if there are any significant changes in your plan. 你的计划若有任何重大变动，请通知我。
It is a significant date for her. 对她来说，那是个意义重大的日子。
<11>endanger vt.put sb. or sth. in danger 使...处于险境
Smoking during pregnancy can endanger your baby's health. 怀孕期间吸烟会危及婴儿健康。
His health was endangered by overwork. 他的健康因劳累过度受到损害。
<12>spill vt.accidentally pour a liquid out of a container 使溢出；使溅出
I spilled the drink on my trousers by mistake. 我一失手把饮料泼到了裤子上。
He spilt coffee all over his desk. 他把咖啡洒了一桌子。
vi.(of a liquid) flow out of the edge of a container 溢出；溅出
The water is so full that it might spill over. 水太满了，可能会溢出来。
The coffee spilled all over the desk. 咖啡洒了一桌。
<13>adoptionn.1. [C, U] the act of adopting a child 收养
They gave their babies up for adoption. 他们放弃抚养孩子, 让他人收养。
If you cannot have your children of your own, why not consider adoption? 如果你们不能生育,为什么不考虑收养孩子？
2. [U] the act of starting to use a plan, method, etc. 采用
The president has encouraged the adoption of new technology. 董事长鼓励采用新技术。
The adoption of his idea solved the problem. 采用他的方法解决了问题。
<14>explore vt.discuss or think about sth. carefully 探讨，研究
In their report, they explored the chance of building a dam on the river. 在报告中，他们探讨了在江上建造大坝的可行性。
The history professor explored the causes of the revolution 这位历史学教授研究了发生革命的原因。
v.travel around an area to look for sth. such as oil, minerals, etc. 探索，探测
A group of scientists were sent to explore the valley. 一个科学家小组被派去探索这个河谷。
This is a company exploring for oil. 这是一个石油勘探公司。
<15>mugvt. attack and rob sb. in a public place 对...行凶抢劫
A man tried to mug me when I was walking on the street. 我在街上走时，有人试图抢劫我。
We were mugged in the park. 我们在公园里遭到抢劫。
<16>priora.1. (to) before 在...之前
They're planning to talk to Joe prior to the meeting. 他们打算在会前跟乔谈谈。
They had left prior to my arrival. 我到之前他们就走了。
2. happening or existing before a particular time 事先的，预先的
I was unable to attend the party because of a prior appointment. 由于和别人有约在先，我不能参加晚会。
He said that he had no prior knowledge of the meeting. 他说他事先对这次会议的情况一无所知。
<17>springboardn.[C] a strong board for jumping on or off, used for diving or doing gym 跳板
Jumping off the springboard, he soared three feet up into the air before coming down again. 他从跳板上一跃而起，腾空跃起三英尺，然后落地。
<18>unfortunately ad.with regret or sad feelings 不幸地；遗憾地
Unfortunately, we arrived too late to catch the plane. 遗憾的是，我们来得太迟，没有赶上飞机。
There's nothing I can do about it, unfortunately. 遗憾的是，我对此无能为力。
<19>coachn. [C] a person who trains people in sports for games, matches, etc. 教练
He has been a football coach for twenty years. 他当足球教练有20年了。
He was named the head coach of the national team. 他被任命为国家队的主教练。
vt. train or teach; give instruction or advice to 训练，指导，辅导
The teacher often spends her spare time coaching the students. 那位老师经常用课余时间辅导学生。
He seems to enjoy coaching children. 看起来他挺喜欢辅导小孩的。
<20>assistv. help sb. to do sth. 帮助，协助
In this position, you will assist in training new employees. 你这个工作要干的事是协助培训新雇员。
Citizens have a duty to assist the police. 市民有义务协助警察。
<21>enjoyablea.giving sb. pleasure 令人愉快的，可享受的
We spent an enjoyable evening playing cards. 我们晚上打扑克，过得很愉快。
I try to make my lessons more enjoyable by using games. 我通过开展游戏活动尽力把课上得更加生动有趣。
<22>triumphn.[C] an important victory or success after a difficult struggle 胜利，成功
This is not an expected triumph for them. 这次胜利出乎他们意料。
He regarded it as a triumph over the enemy. 他把这看成是对敌斗争的胜利。
vi.(over) gain a victory or success after a difficult struggle 获胜，成功，击败
The head had triumphed over the heart. 理智战胜了情感。
Our team triumphed over theirs. 我们队战胜了他们队。
<23>partner n.1. [C] a person one is married to or having a sexual relation with 配偶，（性）伴侣
People who have many sexual partners are more at risk from AIDS. 性伴侣较多的人感染艾滋病的危险更大。
Are we allowed to bring our partners to the staff party? 我们可以带配偶一起去参加员工聚会吗？
2. [C] a person that sb. does a particular activity with 伙伴，搭档
Have you got a partner for the dance on Saturday? 星期六的舞会你有舞伴了吗？
Japan is a major trading partner of the US. 日本是美国的主要贸易伙伴。
<24>confuse vt.make sb. feel they do not understand sth. 使困惑，使糊涂
They confused the teacher by having the same names. 他们名字相同，使老师常弄错。
I was confused by your unclear explanation. 你解释得不清楚，我给弄糊涂了。
<25>vaporvt.[C] (BrE vapour) a form like a gas which is made up of tiny drops of water or other liquids in the air 蒸气
When you heat a liquid, it changes into a vapor. 液体加热时，会变成蒸汽。
A thin coat of vapor began to collect. 薄薄的一层蒸汽开始集聚起来。
<26> vaporize v. (BrE vaporise) (cause to) change from a liquid into a vapor; disappear （使）变成蒸气；（使）蒸发；消失
Water vaporizes when boiled. 水沸腾时变成蒸汽。
My respect for the man vaporized as soon as I found him lying. 我一发现他撒谎，对他的尊重就消失了。
<27>competevi. take part and try to win in a competition 竞争；参赛
He got a chance to compete in the Olympics at last. 他终于获得了参加奥运会比赛的机会。
He was clever enough to compete for the mathematics scholarship. 他很聪明，完全可以参与竞争数学奖学金。
<28>scare vt. make sb. feel frightened 惊吓，使惊恐
The way he drove scared me. 他开车的样子把我吓坏了。
You scared me by coming in so quietly. 你一声不响地进来，吓了我一跳。
<29>repetition n. [U] doing or saying the same thing many times 重复
Good writing avoids unnecessary repetition. 好文章要避免不需要的重复。
The performing of the play improved with each repetition. 每次演出，这部戏的表演都有所改进。
<30>confident a.having belief in one's power or ability 自信的，相信的
The government is confident of winning the next term of office. 政府相信能够赢得下届选举。
She was confident that she would find work soon. 她相信自己很快会找到工作。
<31> scoreboard n. [C] a board on which the score of a game is recorded （体育比赛）记分牌
The figures flash up on the scoreboard. 记分牌上比分跳动。
He did not know that his team had won until his teammates told him to look up at the scoreboard. 直到队友叫他看记分牌时，他才知道他们队获胜了。
<32>leapvi.jump high into the air, often landing in a different place 跳，跳跃
He leaped into the air. 他向空中跳跃。
They leaped over the small stream. 他们跃过小溪。
<33>quitv.stop （doing sth.） 停止，放弃
He quit his job for a better position. 他辞去自己的工作，为的是找到更好的工作。
I was trying to quit smoking at the time. 当时我正在努力戒烟。
Phrases and Expressions
<34>in haste quickly or in a hurry 匆忙地
They went off in haste. 他们匆匆忙忙地走了。
Don't act in haste. 做事不要太匆忙。
<35>call sb. names say sth. nasty or insulting about sb. 骂某人
It is impolite to call other's names. 骂人是不礼貌的。
They called me names because I was slow. 我慢下来，他们就骂我。
<36>have a shot at sth.have an attempt to do sth. or achieve sth. 尝试，企图，努力做某事
I'll have a shot at the puzzle. 我会试着解这道难题。
He decided to have a shot at writing it himself. 他决定尝试自己写。
<37>take first place be the first or top, esp. in a match 获得第一名
He took first place in the high jump. 他跳高得了第一。
He shocked the world by taking first place in the competition. 他比赛得了第一, 震惊了全世界。
<38>for fear (that) for fear of sth.; in case sb. makes sth. bad happen 担心，生怕
I left an hour earlier for fear that I would miss the train. 我提前一小时离开，怕赶不上火车。
He ran away for fear that she would kill him. 他害怕自己会被她杀害，就跑掉了。
<39>start with begin with 从...开始
The meeting started with the visiting professor's speech. 会议开始是来访的教授发言。
If I were you, I would start with the easy questions. 如果我是你，我会从简单的问题入手。
Proper Names
<40>Olympics (the O~) 奥林匹克运动会
<41>Seoul 首尔 (韩国首都，前称汉城)
<42>Samoan 萨摩亚人
<43>Ron O'Brien 罗恩·奥布赖恩 (人名)