Unit 19 Part 2
11. extra adj.额外的；特别的；另处的；adv．特别地；格外地；非常
[举例] They need some extra money.语)他们还需要一些钱。
He got extra pay for extra work.他由于加班而得到额外的报酬。
You've done a good deal of extra work recently.你最近大量加班。
Dinner costs 3 yuan, and wine is extra. 饭钱3元，酒钱另算。
The coffee is extra strong this morning. 今早的咖啡非常浓。
I have to be at the office extra early tomorrow morning.
我特地明天一大早上班。
He works extra hard. 他特别努力。
12. "no matter + 疑问连词 + 让步从句 + 主句” 的用法
[用法]no matter+ 疑问连词”用来引导让步状语从句；当主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。
[举例] (1)No matter what the matter may be, do your best.
无论是什么事，尽你的能力去做吧。
(2)No matter how difficult the task may be, We must finish it on time.
无论任务有多艰巨，我们必须按时完成。
(3)No matter who comes, I'll not stay at home.
不管谁来．我都不呆在家里。
13. lead to prep. 引起；造成；导致(后接名词、代词或 -ing形式)
[举例] The accident led to many deaths. 那次事故使许多人死亡。
His carelessness led to his failure. 他的粗心大意导致了他的失败。
Sleeping late at night leads to his being late for work.
晚上睡晚了使他上班迟到。
[拓展] look forward to (盼望)；get used to (习惯于)；pay attention to (注意)；get down to (开始做某事)；stick to(坚持)等词组中to均为介词，其后接sth．或doing sth．
14. advanced adj. 高等的；先进的；超前的
[举例]advanced studies高深的研究
have advanced ideas 有先进的思想
advanced experience 先进经验
[拓展] advance n. & v. 前进；推进；促进
[举例]recent advances in medical science 医学上的新进展
The general advanced his troops at night. 将军夜里将部队向前推进。
Our troops have advanced two miles. 我们的部队已经前进了两英里。
[搭配]in advance ( of sth) (习语)预先；事先；事前
The rent must be paid in advance. 租金须预付。
It's impossible to know in advance what will happen.
预知未来发生的事是不可能的。
15. year after year
[用法]year after year 作“年复一年地”“一年又一年地”解，常表示每年重复。
[举例](1)Do not make the same kind of tools year after year.
不要年复一年地生产同一品种的工具。
(2)We used to go to the mountain village for a holiday year after year.
我们以前年年都去那个山村度假。
(3)Year after year we have had a Christmas card from Dick.
我们年年都收到迪克寄来的圣诞卡。
[辨析] year by year作“一年一年地”“逐年”解，常表示逐年的转变。因此准确地说，year after year 是“年年(重复)”的意思，而year by year是“逐年(变化)”的意思。
[举例](1) The boy grows taller year by year.
这男孩长得一年比·一年高了。(逐年在变)
(2) Year after year the boy comes to see me on my birthday.
这男孩年年在我生日时都来看我。(年年如此)
16.本单元的语法重点是学习it的另一用法：作为强调句型的引导词。
1. 用于强调句中除谓语以外的任何一成分，其句型为It + is／was+被强调部分+that(强调部分指人也可用who／whom)十句子其他成分。如:
It was Tom who／that met your brother in the park yesterday．(强调主语Tom)
It was your brother whom / that Tom met in the park. (强调宾语your brother)
It was in the park that Tom met your brother yesterday.(强调地点状语in the park)
It was yesterday that Tom met your brother in the park. (强调时间状语yesterday)
使用强调句型应注意下列几点：
①无论被强调部分是什么，总是用his／was．．．that．．．(强调指人的主语that可换成who，指人的宾语可换成whom)
It was they who (that) built the house last year.是他们去年盖了这座房子。
②强调主语时，谓语动词必须和原主语一致。如：
It is I who am to blame.是我应受到责备。
③注意此句型与定语从句的区别。如：
It was in this factory that my father used to work.
我父亲过去是在这个厂工作的。(强调句型)
It was this factory that my father used to work in.
这就是我父亲工作过的那家工厂。(定语从句)
另外，it还经常用于构成下列句型，在学习过程中应多加注意。如：
① It's... since .... It's five years since we last met.
从我们上次见面至今已有五年了。
② It's... before .... It won't be long before we meet again
不久我们会再见面的。
2．在学习过程中，我们经常遇到one，it, that作代词的用法要注意分析、比较它们的用法，辨别它们的不同处。
在英语中为了避免重复上文的某个名词，常用心one或that来代替。让所指的事物和前面提到的事物是同一件事物，所以让代表的名词属于特指的。
I bought a knife and lent it to him.我买了一把小刀，借给他了。
I drank some ice tea but it made me more thirsty.我喝了点凉茶，却更渴了。
one所代表的名词和前面所提到的名词只是同一类，并非指同一个，而且指同类中的任何一个，不是只指其中某一个。所以one所指的名词属于不定的，单数用one，复数形式为ones，而且one所替代的名词必须是可数名词，不能替代不可数名词。
Mary needs a new dictionary. She is going to buy one.
玛丽需要一本新字典，她打算买一本。
This watch is too expensive, show me a cheaper one, please.
这块表太贵了，请给我较便宜的一块。
I don't want these green apples; I want the red ones.
我不想要这些绿苹果；我要红的。
that和one都是指同一类事物而不是指同一个事物，但that替代有定冠词的名词。为特定的，而且还可以替代不可数名词。
The cost of oil is less than that of gas.石油的价格低于天然气的价格。
The voice of a woman is sweeter than that of a man.
女人的声音比男人的声音悦耳。