语法精讲
1. 情态动词must, can/ could, may/ might表示推测的用法
(1)must表示“肯定”推测,只用于肯定句。
e. g. you must be dr. wang. 你肯定是王医生。
(2)can表示“肯定不能”“能……吗?”,用于表示语气很重的推测,只用于否定句,疑问句,不用于肯定句。
e. g. you can’t be dr. wang. 你肯定不是王医生。
can you be dr. wang? 你是王医生吗?
(3)could是can的过去式,表示“可能”,用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。
e. g. he said he could come. 他说他可能来。
(4)may表示“或许”,表推测的可能性是50%,只是一个猜测, 用于肯定句、否定句中。注意may的否定形式是may not, 无mayn’t形式。
e. g. he may come or may not. 他可能来也可能不来。
(5)might是may的过去式,用于推测时,表示更没把握,可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中。
(6)推测语气由弱到强的排列为:might— may— could— must
e. g. —look, someone is coming. what can it be? 看,有人来了。那能是谁呢?
—it may be the headmaster. 可能是校长。
—it can’t be him. he has gone to guangzhou. 肯定不是他,他去广州了。
(7)表示推测的词后跟三种形式来表示句子的时间概念,以must为例:
must be adj. /n. 表示对现在的推测(动词为状态词);
must be doing表示对现在的推测(动词为行为动词);
must have done表示对过去或已经完成动作的推测。
在对这些表推测的句子进行反意疑问时,要用真实情况来进行反意疑问。
e. g. he must be in the next room, isn’t he? 他肯定在隔壁房间,不是吗?(对现在的推测)
it must have rained last night, haven’t it? 昨天夜里肯定下雨了,不是吗?(对过去的推测)
he must have finished his homework, hasn’t he?
他肯定是完成作业了,不是吗?(对已经完成动作的推测)
(8)can(could) have done否定式表示对过去事情真实性表示不相信,用could have done显得语气更婉转,用于疑问句中表示惊奇和怀疑。
e. g. he can’t have gone home because i saw him on the playground just now.
他不可能回家了,因为我在操场上刚刚见过他。
he could have arrived earlier. 他本可以早一点到的。
(9)may(might) have done表示对过去的事情可能性的推测,might比may表示的可能性更小,或与实际情况相反,常有批评的意味,意为“本应该……”
e. g. tom is playing in the garden. he may have finished his homework.
汤姆在花园里玩,他可能已经完成了作业。
you might have told him earlier. he is angry now. 你本应该早点告诉他,现在他生气了。
2.疑问句的直接引语和间接引语
直接引语
间接引语
一般疑问句
1.he asked her,“do you need to wear any jewellery?”
2.she asked him,“is the ball held every year?”
3.he asked,“do you think it was stolen by a thief?”
1.he asked her if she needed to wear any
jewellery.
2.she asked him if the ball was held every year.
3.he asked me if i thought it had been stolen by a thief.
特殊疑问句
4.he asked me,“where have you been all
these years?”
5.he askd her,“how much does a new dress cost?”
6.the man asked her,“what are you looking for?”
4.he asked me where i had been all these
years.
5.he asked her how much a new dress cost.
6.the man asked her what she was looking for.
将上表中直接引语和间接引语相比较后可以看到,在间接引语中:
1)没有引号,句末用句号;
2)直接引语为一般疑问句(yes/no-questions)时,用连词if引导间接引语(例①②③);
3)直接引语为特殊疑问句(wh-questions) 时,用原来的疑问词引导间接引语(④⑤⑥);
4)间接引语中的人称、地点及时间状语等要作相应的更动.如:④中的you改i,①中的you改she;
5)间接引语中的主语置谓语之前,为陈述语序;
6)间接引语中的时态改为相应的过去时,如一般现在时改为一般过去时(例①、②、⑤),现在完成时改过去完成时(④),现在进行时改过去进行时(⑥),一般过去时改过去完成时(③)