赖世雄教你学英语语法
句子的构成
1-4：名词从句做主语
1.名词从句
他不用功令我生气。
这个句子的主语虽然是“他不用功”，但若译成he doesn't work hard,则大错特错。
he doesn't work hard makes me angry.(x)
因为he doesn't work hard是句子。所谓句子，就是一开头就是主语的结构（此处的he就是主语）。句子绝不能当主语，一定要变成名词从句方可做主语。故本句的正确译法应为：that he doesn't work hard makes me angry,(o)
2.名词从句的种类
名词从句一共有三种：that从句、whether从句、疑问词所引导的从句
(1)that从句
任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以that即成that从句。
he doesn't believe my words.-----that he doesn't believe my words(他不相信我说的话。）
he enjoys dancing.-----that he enjoys dancing.(他爱跳舞。）
there is much work to do.-----that there is much work to do(有很多工作要做。）
(2)whether从句
本从句是由可用yes/no回答的问句变化而成。
①问句有be动词时：主语与be动词还原，前面冠以whether.
例：is he happy?-----whether he is happy(他是否快乐……）
②问句有一般助动词（can,will,may,should,ought to,must,have)时：主语与助动词还原，前面冠以whether。
例：can he do it?-----whether he can do it(他是否能做这件事……）
has he done it?-----whether he has done it（他是否已做好这件事……）
③问句有do,does,did等助动词时：主语与助动词还原，再将do,does,did去掉，后面的动词依人称和时态变化。
例：did he come?-----whether he did come(did为过去式，故come改为came)----whether he came(他来不来……）
does he like it?----whether he does like it(does为第三人称单数现在式，故like改为likes)----whether he likes it(他喜不喜欢它……）
(3)疑问词从句
本从句是由疑问词（when,what,how,where,why)等引导的问句变化而成。
①问句有be动词时：主语与be动词还原，前面保留疑问词。
例：what is he doing?----what he is doing(他正在做什么……）
②问句有一般助动词时：主语与助动词还原，前面保留疑问词。
例：where can be find it?----where he can find it(他在哪里能找到它……）
③问句有do,does,did等助动词时：主语与助动词还原，前面保留疑问词，再将do,does,did去掉，动词依人称和时态变化。
例：what did he write?----what he did write(did为过去式，故write改为wrote)----what he wrote(他写什么……）
when did he come?----when he did come(did为过去式，故come改为came)----when he came(他何时来……）
how does he do it?----how he does do it(does为第三人称单数现在式，故do改为does)----how he does it（他怎么做这件事……）
注意：
who,what,which（哪一个）为疑问代词，若在问句中做主语，变成名词从句时，结构不变。
例：who came here?问句主语----who came here名词从句（谁来这儿……）
what happened last night?问句主语----what happened last night名词从句（昨晚发生什么事……）
which was bought?问句主语----which was bought名词从句（哪个被买走……）
3.名词从句的功能
我们已知，名词从句是由叙述句子或问句变化而成，和动名词或不定式短语一样，名词从句也要被视为名词。由于具有名词的特性，故可做主语、谓语或be动词之后的补语。
(1)名词从句做主语
例：that honesty is the best policy is a proverb(which)we should always keep in mind.(“诚实为上策”是一句我们应时时谨记在心的箴言。）
where he lives is still a doubt.(他住哪里仍不确定。）
whether he can do it remains to be seen.(他能胜任与否仍有待观察。）
注意：
动名词或不定式短语，名词从句做主语时容易造成主语过大的现象，可用代词it代替，置于句首，而被代替的名词从句则置于句尾。
因为上述各例句可改写为：
it is a proverb we should always keep in mind that honesty is the best policy
it is still a doubt where he lives.
it remains to be seen whether he can do it.
(2)名词从句做动词的宾语
例：i know that he will go abroad in the nearest future.(我知道他最近即将出国。）
i wonder whether he has finished the work.(我怀疑他是否已做完工作了。）
i don't know how he'll handle it.(我不知道他将如何处理这件事。）
(3)名词从句做介词的宾语
注意：
用whether或疑问词引导的名词从句可做宾语，但that从句不可做介词的宾语。
例：i am worried about whether he can do it.(我很担心他是否能做这件事。）
i am suspicious of how he'll cope with the problem.(我怀疑他将如何应付这个问题。）
i am sure of that the team has won the game.(x)遇有介词，且非要使用that从句时，其补救方法如下：
①介词+the fact+that从句，如此，就可用the fact做介词的宾语，而that从句就成了the fact的同位语。
例：i am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.(我确定这个队赢了。）
i am worried about the fact that be doesn't study.(我很担心他不念书。）
②保留介词，但不加the fact,且介词之后的that从句要做适当变化。第一步：除去that;第二步：that之后的主语变成所有格；第三步：动词变成动名词。
例：i am worried about that he plays around all day.----i am worried about his playing around all day.(我为他整天游手好闲而担心。）
注意：
that从句若有助动词do,does,did时，去掉即可。
例：i am worried about that he doesn't study.----i am worried about his not studying.
注意：
that从句若有助动词will或would时，去掉即可，但也可以改为be going to,再将be动词转变为动名词的being。
例：i am sure of that the team will win the game.----i am sure of the team's winning the game.或:i am sure of that the team is going to win the game.----i am sure of the team's being going to win the game.
注意：
从句若有以下助动词时，做下列变化：
may---be likely to
can---be able to
should/must---be supposed to
再将be动词变成动名词being。
例：i am happy about that he may come.(x)----i am happy about that he is likely to come.----i am happy about his being likely to come.(我很高兴他可能会来。）
i am sure of that he can do it.(x)----i am sure of that he is able to do it.----i am sure of his being able to do it.(我确定他能做这件事。）
i am sure of that he should accept mary's advice.(x)----i am sure of that he is supposed to accept mary's advice.----i am sure of his being supposed to accept mary's advice.(我确定他应该会接受玛丽的劝告。）
③be+adj.+that从句
也就是去掉介词，将that从句放在形容词后面，使that从句成为副词从句（注：相当于传统语法中的状语从句），修饰该形容词。
例：i am worried that he plays around all day.----i am sure that the team his won the game.
以上三种用法中以①、③最为普遍，②是常考的一种句型。有时介词之后也可以直接接that从句，而不需the fact,形成惯用语，同学亦应牢记。
in that=because 因为
例：he is great in that he can speak five different languages.(他很棒，因为他能说五种语言。）
except that 只可惜
例：he is nice except that sometimes he lies.(他人很不错，只可惜有时会说谎。）
for all that 尽管＝with all that=not withstanding that
例：for all that he is nice,i don't like him.=despite the fact that he is nice,i don't like him,=in spite of the fact that he is nice,i don't like him.(尽管他人好，我却不喜欢他。）