赖世雄教你学英语语法
句子的构成
2-10:不完全不及物动词的种类及主语补语用法
不完全不及物动词(i.vi.)的种类及其补语的用法:将不完全不及物动词分成六大类,从1-6逐一说明。
1.be动词
be动词之后可用名词(含名词对等语如名词从句,名词短语,动名词,不定式等)或形容词(含做形容词的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、地点副词或地点词短语等)做补语
注意
用名词做补语时,be动词译成“是”;用形容词做补语时,be动词不必译出;用地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时,be动词译成“在”。be动词之后有11种补语:
(1)名词
例:he is a great hero.
(他是大英雄。)
(2)名词从句
例:the trouble with me is that i lack money.
(我的麻烦是缺钱。)
the problem is whether he can join us.
(问题在于他是否能加入我们。)
(3)名词短语
例:the question is when to set off.
(何时出发是问题所在。)
(4)做名词用的动名词短语
例:my hobby is collecting stamps.
(我的兴趣是集邮。)
(5)做名词用的不定式短语
例:my purpose is to see him.
(我是来看看他的。)
(6)形容词
例:she is beautiful.
(她很美。)
(7)做形容词用的现在分词
例:the question is interesting.
(这问题真有趣。)
(8)做形容词用的过去分词
例:i am interested in the question.
(我对这问题感兴趣。)
(9)做形容词用的介词短语(由“of+抽象名词”构成)
例:the book is valuable/of much value.
(这本书很有价值。)
the machine is useless/of no use.
(那机器毫无用处。)
(10)地点副词
例:she is there.
(她在那儿)
they are upstairs.
(他们在楼上。)
is he home now?
(他现在在家吗?)
(11)地点副词短语(由“介词+地方名词”构成)
例:she is in town.
(她人在城里。)
they are at home now.
(他们现在在家。)
she is in danger.
(她有危险。)
注意
he is washing the car.
his job is washing cars.
be动词之后,出现v-ing时,该v-ing有时是现在分词,有时却是动名词,一般语法书总是交代不清,弄得同学头昏眼花。常有些同学就因此而放弃学语法,以至英语愈来愈退步。在这儿,告诉你两个简单的方法:
方法1:v-ing可译成“正在……”时,就是现在分词。
例:he is washing the car.
(他正在洗车。)
故washing为现在分词。
his job is washing cars.
(他的工作正在洗车。)(X)
(他的工作就是洗车。)(O)
故washing非现在分词,而是动名词,置于be动词之后,做主语补语。
方法2:若同学觉得方法1有点难时,可试试这个方法:be动词之后的v-ing可与主语互换时,该v-ing就是动名词;若不能互换时就是现在分词。
例:he is washing the car.(他在洗车)
----washing the car is he.(X)(洗车子就是他。)故washing为现在分词。
his job is washing cars.
-----washing cars is his job.(o)(洗车是他的工作。)故washing是动名词,具有名词的功能,既可做补语,亦可做主语。
2.become(变成)
become可用任何名词、形容词或可做形容词用的现在或过去分词(即可以译成“……的”之类的分词)做补语。
例:he became angry.
(他生气了。)
you'll become a good student if you study hard.
(如果你用功,就可以成为好学生。)
she is becoming more and more charming.
(她愈来愈迷人。)
charming可译成“令人着迷的”,故可做形容词使用。
after the failure,he became depressed.
(自从失败以后,他就意志消沉。)
3.turn(变成)
turn通常只用形容词做补语,而且所能使用的形容词多与颜色或情绪有关,不能用其他形容词。
例:his face turned pale when he heard the news.
(当他听到消息时,脸色发白。)
the leaves were turning yellow.
(树叶转黄了。)
he turned angry/mad/nasty when he saw mary.
(当他看到玛丽,他就变得生气/激动/别扭。)
she turned beautiful.(x)
------she became beautiful.(o)(她变得美丽。)
beautiful不是与颜色或情绪有关的形容词,故不可做turn的补语。
注意
turn若表示“转业”时,则可用名词做补语,但名词若为单数名词时,冠词要省略。
例:he had taught in a certain high school before he turned soldier(o)/a soldier.(x)(在成为军人以前,他在某所高中任教。)
after the war,he turned farmer.(o)/a farmer.(x)(战争结束后,他转业务农。)
4.get(变成)
get通常只能用表“生气”的形容词做补语,不可用其他形容词做补语。
例:he got mad.
(他生气了。)
she got beautiful.(x)
-----she became beautiful(o)
things have got good.(x)
------things have become good.(o)
注意
若get用于进行时的句子中,可用任何形容词的比较级形式做补语。即:be+getting+more and more+任何形容词。
例:she is getting more and more beautiful.
(她愈来愈美丽。)
things are getting better and better.
(事情愈来愈顺利。)
注意
get/be+表被动语态的过去分词,本句型表“被……”之意。get等于be动词,不可译成“变成”。
例:he got killed in the accident.
=he was killed in the accident.
(他在车祸中丧生。)
if you are not careful,you'll get/be hurt.
(你如果不小心点,就会受伤。)
5.seem(=appear)(似乎),seem之后用不定式短语做补语。
例:he seems to know it.(o)
he seems knowing it.(x)
(他似乎知道此事。)
但在seem+to be+n./adj.句子中,to be可省略,直接用名词或形容词做补语。
例:he seems to be happy
=he seems happy.
(他似乎很快乐。)
he seems to be a nice man.
=he seems a nice man.
(他似乎是个好人。)
6.感官动词
感官动词一共只有五个,一律译成“……起来”,后面一律用形容词(含可做形容词用的分词)做补语。
look(看起来)/sound(听起来)/smell(闻起来)/taste(尝起来)/feel(感觉起来,感到)+形容词
例:his idea sounds good.
(他的主意听来不错。)
the food smells good.
(这食物闻起来很香。)
i feel tired now.
(我现在觉得很疲倦。)
it looks interesting.
(它看起来很有意思。)
注意
感官动词绝不可用名词做补语,若要与名词并用时,须用下列句型:look/sound/smell/taste/feel like+名词,like为介词,译成“像”,之后的名词为其宾语。
例:it sounds a good idea.(x)
----it sounds like a good idea.(o)
(听起来像是个好主意。)
that material feels like silk.(o)
(那料子摸起来像丝绸。)
the food tastes like fish.(o)
(这食物吃起来像鱼肉。)
注意
feel like+名词 感觉像……
feel like+动名词 想要……
例:after the painful experience,he felt like a new-born baby.
(那次痛苦的经验之后,他觉得像一个新生儿。)
i feel like taking a walk today.
=i would like to take a walk today.
(我今天想散散步。)
i feel like to take a walk today.(x)
i would like taking a walk today.(x)
注意
feel,taste,smell也可当做完全及物动词,可用名词做宾语。此时feel,taste,smell的意思均有改变。
feel(摸)/taste(尝)/smell(闻)+名词
例:the doctor felt my forehead and said i had a fever.
(医生摸我的额头说我发烧。)
don't taste that food,it has spoiled.
(别尝那食物,它已经坏了。)
he smelt something burning.
(他闻到有东西烧焦了。)
注意
look与介词并用时,可构成及物动词短语。如:
look into=investigate vt.调查
look over=examine vt.检查
look at=watch vt.看
此时,就要用副词修饰这些短语。
例:he looked at me happily.
(他愉快地看着我。)
he looked into the case carefully.
(他小心地调查这案子。)
上述句中的副词经常会置于look与介词之间,而成:
he looked happily at me.
he looked carefully into the case.
这所以举这些例子,是因为有些同学不察,一见到look就以为一定是感官动词,于是就置形容词于其后,而成:
he looked happy at me.(x)
he looked careful into the case.(x)
记住:look之后有介词时,look就不是感官动词,而与该介词构成及物动词短语,一定要用副词修饰,而非以形容词修饰。