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赖世雄教你学英语语法 句子的构成 2-15:不完全及物动词的分类及用法

赖世雄教你学英语语法

句子的构成

2-15:不完全及物动词的分类及用法

为了方便同学记忆,特加以分类,叙述如下,盼同学一定要牢记。

1.使役动词

(1)叫……

make/have/bid+宾语+原形动词(做补语)

例:i made him wash the car.
(我叫他洗车。)

i had john report to me.
(我叫约翰向我报到。)

i bade him (send the letter quickly./to send the letter quickly.)
(我叫他快点把信寄了。)

注意

bid之后可用不定式短语或原形动词做宾语补语(见上例)。

注意

get亦可表“叫……”之意,但只能用不定式短语做宾语补语。

例:i got him to wash the car.(o)
(我叫他洗车。)
i got him wash the car.(x)

注意

make及bid可使用在被动语态中,但have及get则不可。

主动语态:

例:i made/bade/had him wash the car.
=i got him to wash to car.
wash the car修饰宾语him,故为宾语补语。

被动语态:

例:he was made/bidden to wash the car.变被动语态时,原形动词wash就要变成不定式短语to wash,而成to wash the car。由于该不定式短语修饰主语he,故此时则称为主语补语。

例:he was had/got to wash the car.(x)理由:have,get无被动用法。

(2)让……

表“让……”的动词只有let一个。用法如下:

①let+宾语+原形动词(做宾语补语)

例:i let him wash the car.
(我让他洗车。)

i let peter try it.
(我让彼得试试看。)

②let+宾语+做副词用的介词(in,out,down)(做宾语补语)

例:he let me in.
(他让我进来。)

don't let him out.
(别让他出去。)

his performance let me down.
(他的表演令我失望。)

注意

介词由于之后无宾语,可单独存在做副词用,因此称为介副词。与地点副词一样,有形容词的功能,可做be动词之后的补语。

例:he is in.(介副词)(他在。)
he is out.(介副词)(他出去了。)
he is there.(地点副词)(他在那里。)
he is here.(地点副词)(他在这里。)
he is home.(地点副词)(他在家里。)
he is downtown.(地点副词)(他在城里。)
he is in the house.(地点副词短语)(他在房子里。)

注意

在let之后,只能用介副词做补语,而不可用地点副词或地点副词短语做补语。

例:he let me in.(o)
(他让我进去。)
he let me in the house.(x)

注意

let之后若用原形动词做补语,变被动语态时,该原形动词要变成不定式短语。

例:i let him wash the car.
-----he was let to wash the car.

此时,to wash the car因修饰主语he,故称为主语补语。

(3)强迫/要求/怂恿/催促……

此类动词+宾语+不定式短语(做宾语补语)

例:i forced him to recite the lesson.
(我强迫他背这课。)

i asked him to write the letter.
(我要求他写这封信。)

i urged him to work harder.
(我督促他工作努力些。)

he compelled me to do it against my will.
(他强迫我做我不愿做的事。)

he told me to finish the work by ten.
(他叫我10点钟以前做完这件工作。)

此类动词沿有许多种,下面将常出现的此类动词列举如下:

push one to...(催促人去……)
seduce one to...(引诱人去……)
entice one to...(引诱人去……)
wish one to...(希望人去……)
want one to...(要人去……)

此类动词变被动语态时,仍用不定式短语做补语。

例:i asked him to write the letter.(我要求他写这封信。)
----he was asked to write the letter.(他被要求写这封信。)

在第二句中,由于to write the letter修饰主语,故称为主语补语。

(4)使……成为

此类动词只有make一个,加了宾语之后,要用形容词或名词做补语,句型如下:

主语+make+宾语+形容词(/名词)做宾语补语

例:his teacher made him a good student.
(他的老师使他成为好学生。)

the trip made him happy.
(这次旅行使他很愉快。)

由于make之后的宾语可直接接名词或形容词做补语,故不必造成下面的句子:

例:his teacher made him become a good student.(x)
the trip made him be happy.(x)

2.知觉动词

此类动词有三类:

看:see,observe(观察),watch(看),look at(注视)
听:hear,listen to
感觉:feel

(1)此类动词可做完全及物动词,加了宾语之后无需另加补语。

例:did you see him?
(你看见他没有?)

he was listening to music.
(他正在听音乐。)

i felt pain in my back.
(我觉得背痛。)

(2)但此类动词亦可做不完全及物动词,加了宾语之后,需另加宾语补语。用法如下:

①表事实时,用原形动词做补语,译成“……了。”

例:i saw him dance.
(我看见他跳舞了。)

i heard him sing.
(我听见他唱歌了。)

i felt him move.
(我觉得他动了。)

②表进行状态时,用现在分词做补语,译成“……正在……”

例:i saw him dancing when i walked in.
(当我进来时,我看见他正在跳舞。)

as i pushed the door open,i heard him singing.
(当我推开门时,我听见他正在唱歌。)

when the door bell rang,i felt my legs trembling.
(当门铃响时,我觉得我的双腿正在发抖。)

③表被动的概念时,要用过去分词做补语,译成“……被……”

例:i saw him kelled.
(我看见他被杀死了。)

i heard the door closed.
(我听见门关上了。)

i felt myself lifted.
(我觉得自己被举起来了。)

以上三种补语变被动语态时,除原形动词要变成不定式短语之外,其余不变。

例:i saw him do it.
-----he was seen to do it.

i saw him dancing.
-----he was seen dancing.

i saw the dog run over by a car.
-----the dog was seen run over by a car.
(我看见那只狗被车碾过。)

3.任命动词

此类动词多表“选举”、“指派”之意,其宾语之后用表职位的名词做补语,通常该名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词通常有两上:elect(选举),assign(指派)。

例:we elected him chairman of the committee.
(我们选他为委员会主席。)

we assigned him platoon leader.
(我们指派他为排长。)

4.认定动词

此类动词均表“视……为”之意,加了宾语之后,用名词或形容词做宾语补语。

(1)与介词并用者

例:we regard(/referto/look upon/think of/see/view) him as a genius.
=we take him (for a genius./for nice.)
(我们认为他是天才/人很好。)

(2)与to be并用者

例:we consider/deem/think him (to be a genius/to be nice.)
(我们认为他是天才/人很好。)

惟to be通常均予省略,而成:

例:we consider/deem/think him (a genius/nice.)

同学一定觉得纳闷,而提出此一质问:以前学过的语法规定介词之后只能接名词或动名词为其宾语,为何在上述例句中介词as或for之后可直接接形容词为其宾语呢?的确,一般介词之后只能用名词或动名词做宾语。

例:i am sick of his rude attitude.
(我很讨厌他的粗鲁态度。)

i am sick of associating with him.
(我讨厌与他交往。)

但凡表“视……为”的动词与介词as或for并用时,该介词之后省了动名词being,而直接接形容词于其后。

例:i regard him as (being)nice.
(我认为他人很好。)

i take his success for(being)granted.
(我认为他的成功是想当然的事。)

这个being绝对不必写出来。相信这样的解释,同学一定明白了吧!

注意

think,believe,find,deem(认为),consider等五个动词做不完全及物动词时,不得直接用不定式短语做宾语,一定要用虚宾语(注:想当于传统语法中的形式宾语)it取代。句型如下:

例:主语+think/believe/find/deem/cosider+it+宾语补语+to v

例:i think to climb mountains interesting.(x)
----i think it interesting to climb mountains.
(我认为爬山很有趣。)

同理:i find it necessary to do the work.
(我发觉做这件事有必要。)

i believe it worthwhile to study hard.
(我相信用功是值得的。)

i deem it an honor to give this speech.
(我觉得很荣幸能做这次演讲。)

但find,believe,think,deem,consider也可以做完全及物动词,此时要用that引导的名词从句做宾语。

例:i think that it is interesting to climb mountains.
(我认为爬山是有趣的。)

i believe that it is worthwhile to study hard.
(我相信用功是值得的。)

由于that从句做及物动词的宾语时,that可省略,因此上述二例亦可改为:

i think it is interesting to climb mountains.
i believe it is worthwhile to study hard.

现在我们便可清楚得知下列两种结构虽不一样,但表达的意思却完全相同。

不完全及物动词:

i think it interesting to climb mountains.
i believe it worthwhile to study hard.

完全及物动词:

i think it is interesting to climb mountains.
i believe it is worthwhile to study hard.

注意

make表“使……成为”时,为不完全及物动词,不得用不定式短语做宾语,一定要用虚宾语it取代。句型如下:

主语+make+it+宾语补语+to v

例:he made it a rule to get up early.
(他规定自己要早起。)

hard work made it possible for him to win the honor.
(努力工作使他有可能赢得此荣誉。)

注意

find,believe,think,deem,consider做不完全及物动词时,不得直接用that引导的名词从句做宾语,一定要用虚宾语it取代。

例:i find that he sings so well wonderful.(x)
-----i find it wonderful that he sings so well.
(我觉得他唱歌美妙动听。)

同理:i believe it necessary that he should work hard.
(我相信他必须努力用功。)

the difficulty of the mission made it necessary that he should do it with care.
(该任务的困难性使得他必须小心做。)

5.转变动词

此类动词均表“使……变成”之意,常用的用change与turn两个。通常要与介词into并用。

例:the experience turned/changed him into a good student.
(这个经验使他变成一位好学生。)

6.其他重要的完全不及物动词

例:they set him free.
(他们释放了他。)

i painted the door green.
(我将门漆成绿色。)

the sight struck him dumb.
(该景象使他目瞪口呆。)

the baby cried itself to sleep.
(小宝宝哭着睡着了。)

his assistance will render(=make)success certain.
(他的协助将使得成功成为确实之事。)

the misfortune nearly drove him mad.
(该不幸几乎使他发疯。)

they named the baby tom.
(他们给小宝宝取名为汤姆。)

they call him a liar.
(他们叫他骗子。)

don't leave the door open.
(别让门敞开着。)

you must keep your teeth clean.
(你一定要让你的牙齿保持干净。)

i want the job done no later that five.
(我要在五点以前做完工作。)

help me (to)find my watch.
(帮我找我的表。)