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赖世雄教你学英语语法 句子的构成 3-2:祈使句、感叹句、疑问句

赖世雄教你学英语语法

句子的构成

3-2:祈使句、感叹句、疑问句

以上所列五大句型的示范例句均为陈述句,也是常见的句子。除了陈述句外,尚有祈使句、感叹句、问句三类。但不论形态如何改变,绝不超出此五大句型。下面将另三类句型介绍如下:

(1)祈使句:

简单地说,祈使句就是把主语you省略的句子。此类句型一开头即为原形动词,由上述五大句型演变而成。

第一句型:you must run now.----run!(跑) 否定型:don't run!(别跑!)

第二句型:you must be quiet now----be quiet.(安静!) 否定型:don't be quiet.(别不吭声!)

第三句型:you must open the door now.----open the door.(开门。)否定型:don't open the door.(别开门)

第四句型:you must make him do it.----make him do it.(叫他做。) 否定型:don't make him do it.(别叫他做。)

第五句型:you must sent him a letter.----send him a letter.(寄封信给他。) 否定型:don't send him any letter.(别寄任何信给他。)

注意

否定型的祈使句一共有两种:一为don't起首,另一为never(绝不)起首。使用never时,不必加do,即无do never的用法。

例:never try it.(o) do never try it.(x)但:don't ever try it.(o)=never try it.(绝对不要试它。)

2.感叹句

感叹句的形成,均由how 或what引导。句型如下:

(1)what+n.+主语+动词……

例:what a great man he is!(他是个多伟大的人啊!)

由于此处what为形容词,译成“多么的”,之后一定要加名词,以供修饰。造句的方法如下:

第一步:先置what于句首:what...

第二步:再置含有名词做及物动词的宾语或做补语的名子于其后;

①名词做及物动词的宾语:what he has a beautiful car.

②名词做补语:be动词的补语:what he is a great man.宾语补语:what you have made him a good boy.

第三步:再将此宾语或补语置于what之后,句尾再加感叹号即成。

what he has a beautiful car.
----what a beautiful car he has!
(他的车多漂亮啊!)

what he is a great man.
----what a great man he is!
(他是个多么伟大的人啊!)

what you have made him a good boy.
----what a good boy you have made him!
(你使他变成多么好的一个男孩啊!)

(2)how+adj.或adv.+主语+动词……

由于此处how为副词,译为“多么的”,之后一定要加形容词或副词,以供修饰。造句的方法如下:

第一步:先置how于句首:how...

第二步:在how之后造一含有形容词或副词的句子;

how he is great.
how he studied very hard.

第三步:再将形容词或副词置于how之后,句尾添加感叹号即成。

how he is great.----how great he is!(他真了不起啊!)
how he studied very hard.----how hard he studied!(他多用功啊!)

注意

how之后亦可置带有形容词修饰的单数可数名词,但绝不可置复数名词或不可数名词。句型如下:how+adj.+a(n)+单数名词+主语+动词……!

例:how great a man he is!
=what a great man he is!
(他是个多么伟大的人啊!)

how a great man he is!(x)
how great men they are!(x)
-----what great men they are!(o)
(他们真是了不起的人啊!)

how good music it is!(x)
----what good music it is!(o)
(这音乐真棒!)
但:how之后可接many,much,little,few数量形容词,再接复数或不可数名词。

例:how many students there are in the classroom!
(那个教室里的学生真多啊!)

how few friends he has!
(他的朋友真少!)
what many students there are in the classroom!(x)
what few friends he has!(x)

how much money he has made!
(他赚了那么多钱!)

how little time is left!
(没剩下多少时间了!)
what much money he has made!(x)
what little time is left!(x)

3.问句

问句一共有两类:一为一般疑问句,一为特殊疑问句。

(1)一般疑问句:

此类问句不以what,when,where,how等疑问词为句首。均可用yes/no回答,是由陈述句变化而成。构成方式如下:

①句中有be动词时,将该be动词与主语倒置,句尾再加问号即成。

例:he is nice.
----is he nice?
(yes,he is.或no,he isn't.)

they aren't happy about it.
----aren't they happy about it?
(yes,they are.或no,they aren't.)

②句中若有一般助动词,如can(could),may(might),will(would),shall(should),must,have(has,had)等,则将该助动词与主语倒置,句尾再加问号即成。

例:they can handle the problem.
----can they handle the problem?
(yes,they can.或no,they can't.)

he hasn't reported to the committee yet.
-----hasn't he reported to the committee yet?
(yes,he has.或no,he hasn't.)
(他还没向委员会报告吗?)

③句中若仅有动词,而无be动词或一般助动词时,先按动词的人称或时态的不同,在句首添加do,does或did等助动词,再将主语之后的动词一律改为原形动词,句尾再加问号即成。

例:he left early.
-----did he leave early?
(yes,he did.或no,he didn't.)
(他很早离开吗?)

they enjoy dancing.
-----do they enjoy dancing?
(yes,they do.或no,they don't.)
(他们喜欢跳舞吗?)

注意

一般疑问句若以否定形式起首时,均译成“难道不……吗?”

例:isn't he happy?
(他难道不高兴吗?)

doesn't he want it?
(他难道不要它吗?)

won't he join us?
(他难道不愿加入我们吗?)

注意

不论问句以否定或肯定形式起首,形成答句时,只要认为肯定,就用yes回答;若认为否定,则用no回答。

例:q:is he happy?
a:yes,he is.
(是的,他很快乐。)
或no,he isn't
(不,他不快乐。)

q:isn't he happy?
(他难道不快乐吗?)
a:yes,he is .
(不,他很快乐。)
或no,he isn't.
(是的,他不快乐。)

针对以否定形式起首的问句,按中文的习惯,yes最好译成“不”,no则译成“是的”。

(2)特殊疑问句

此类问句均以when,why,where,how,what,who,whom,which等疑问词为句首,不可用yes/no回答。构成方式如下:

①先将问句按中文的句子译出,如:

译:你要到哪里去?you will go where?
他是谁?he is who?
你住在哪儿?you live where?
你当时见到了谁?you saw whom then?
他为何哭了?he why cried?

②再将句中的疑问词移至句首,即成:

例:where you will go?
who he is?
where you live?
whom he saw then?
why he cried?

③再将疑问词之后的结构按一般疑问句的倒置原则倒置,即告完成。

例:where you will go?(x)
----where will you go?(o)
who he is?(x)
----who is he(o)
where you live?(x)
----where do you live?(o)
whom he saw then?(x)
----whom did he see then?(o)
why he cried?(x)
----why did he cry?(o)

注意

what,who,which等三个疑问词,具名词性质,故在特殊疑问句中,可直接置于句首做主语,而无须采用倒置结构。

译:谁来了?who came?(o)
发生什么事了?what has happened?(o)
哪一个被打破了?which was broken?(o)