赖世雄教你学英语语法
非谓语动词
1-3:名词性不定式的用法
“to+原形动词”所构成的名词性不定式可当作名词看待。已知名词在句中可做主语、宾语及be动词的补语,同理名词性不定式也有完全相当的功能。
1.名词性不定式做主语:用以表示一种意愿或未完成的事。
例:to see him is my purpose.
(看他是我的目的。)
to win the championship is my ambition.
(赢得冠军是我的野心。)
使用名词性不定式做主语时,应注意下列事项:
(1)名词性不定式做主语时,be动词之后的补语若为名词,一定为表意愿、目的、企图等名词,以表意愿或尚未完成的事。常用的此类名词为:plan(计划),purpose(目的),attempt(企图),goal(目标),aim(目的),ambition(野心),dream(梦想),ideal(理想),wish(希望),hope(希望),decision(决定),determination(决定),proposal(建议)。
例:to marry jane is my dream.(o)
marrying jane is my dream.(x)
(娶简是我的梦想。)
2.名词性不定式做主语时,可用代词it作为虚主语取代。句型为:it is...to v
例:it is my purpose to see him.
(看他是我的目的。)
it has long been my dream to travel around the world.
(环游世界长久以来一直是我的梦想。)
it is my ambition to win the championship.
(我的野心就是要赢得冠军。)
i know what it is to be in debt.
(我知道负债是怎么回事。)
本句原为:i know what to be in debt is.
it is difficult to learn english.
(学英语很难。)
2.名词性不定式做及物动词的宾语:
例:i want to see him.
(我要看他。)
he intends to try it.
(他意图要试一试。)
使用名词性不定式做宾语时,应注意下列事项:
(1)名词性不定式绝不可能做介词的宾语。
例:i am interested in to climb mountains.(x)
i am interested in climbing mountains.(o)
(我对爬山有兴趣。)
(2)名词性不定式做及物动词的宾语时,该及物动词均为表意愿、企图的动词。常用的有下列几个:want(要),wish(希望),hope(希望),desire(欲望),intend(意欲),try(试),determine(决心),decide(决定),attempt(企图),endeavor(努力),like(喜欢),love(爱),expect(盼望)。
例:i want to take a trip abroad next year.
(明年我要出国旅游。)
he intended to visit john that morning.
(那天早上他想去拜访约翰。)
(3)翻译下列中文时,注意表“想要”的动词:
例:我想要买一辆车子。
i think to buy a car.(x)
理由:think只用以表示“想到某一件事”,而非表示意愿,通常用that引导的名词从句做宾语。
例:i think that he is great.(o)
(我想他很了不起。)
think of+名词,也表“想到”。
例:i thought of mary a while age.
(不久前我曾想到玛丽。)
think of+动名词,则表示“考虑”,等于consider+v-ing。
例:i have been thinking of buying a car.
=i have been considering buying a car.
(我一直在考虑买辆车子。)
因此凡表“想要”是地,均使用表“意愿”的动词,以名词性不定式做其宾语。上例译句,应为:
例:i want/desire/intend/expect to buy a car.(o)
(4)名词性不定式不可直接做不完全及物动词的宾语,一定要以代词it代替,加了宾语补语之后,再接名词性不定式。
主语+find(发现)/think(认为)/believe(相信)/consider(认为)/deem(认为)/feel(觉得)/make(使)+it+名词或形容词(做补语)+代词
名词性不定式(做真宾语)
例:i find to climb mountains interesting.
理由:名词性不定式不得直接做不完全及物动词的宾语,一定要用代词it作为虚宾语代替。
改正:i find it interesting to chimb mountains.(o)
(我发现爬山很有趣。)
同理:i think it necessary for him to do it.(o)
(我认为他有必要做此事。)
i deem it an honor for me to give this speech.(o)
(我认为做这个演讲对我是项荣幸。)
i thought it better not to go there alone.
(我认为最好不要单独去那里。)
i made it a rule to get up early.
(我习惯于早起。)
注意
make it a rule to v 把……当做惯例(习惯于……)不可写成make a rule to v(x)
3.名词性不定式作be动词的补语:此时主语均为表“意愿,企图”等动词变成的名词。
例:my plan is to see him.
(我的计划是去看他。)
his only wish at present is to sleep.
(他此刻惟一的愿望就是去睡觉。)
his goal is simply to become a teacher.
(他的目标只是要当个老师。)
his resolution is to be a scientist.
(他的志愿是当一名科学家。)
the enemy's attempt was to occupy the area.
(敌人的企图是要占领这个地区。)
使用名词性不定式做be动词的补语时,应注意下列事项:
(1)名词性不定式同时可做主语,亦可做be动词之后的补语,形成a is b 的概念。
例:to see is to believe.
=seeing is believing.
(眼见为实。)
to love her this way is to kill her.
=loving her this way is killing her.
(这样爱她等于杀害她。)
(2)下面句型中,be动词之后的to可省略,改接原形动词做补语。
例:all you have to do is (to) take a good rest.
(你所要做的是好好休息。)
还记得一首英语老歌吗?
all i have to do is (to) dream.
(我所要做的是梦想。)