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赖世雄教你学英语语法 非谓语动词 1-4:形容词性不定式的用法

赖世雄教你学英语语法

非谓语动词

1-4:形容词性不定式的用法

形容词性不定式一定采用后位修饰,也就是置于名词的后面,做形容词用,修饰该名词。

例:i have some work to do.
(我有些工作要做。)

there is one thing to be done.
(有件事要做。)

i have no desire to enter into a controversy with him.
(我无意与他争论。)

使用形容词性不定式时,应注意下列事项:

1.形容词性不定式可以等于关系代词做主语所引导的形容词从句。

例:i have no friend to advise me.
= i have no friend who will advise me.
(我没有朋友可以给我忠告。)

there is one thing to be done.
= there is one thing which should be done.
(我有一件事要做。)

2.形容词性不定式也可等于关系代词做宾语所引导的形容词从句

例:i want something to eat.
= i want something which i can eat.(which做eat的宾语)
(我要吃些东西。)

i have something to do.
= i have something which i must do.(which做do的宾语)
(我有些事要做。)

there are many sights to see here.
=there are many sights which we can see here.(which做see的宾语)
(这里有许多风景可看。)

i have no one to talk to.
= i have no one whom i can talk to.(whom做to的宾语)
(我没有人可以讲话。)

注意

此类句型中,被修饰的名词一定要做不定式短语中动词的宾语,否则就要做介词的宾语。

例:he is a nice man to work.(x)
理由:work为不及物动词,所以本句应置介词with或for,使man成为其宾语。
改正:he is a nice man to work for.(o)
(他人很好,可以替他工作。)
或:he is a nice man to work with.(o)
(他人不错,可以与他共事。)

然而,我们亦可将上述句中介词for或with置于不定式前,与关系代词的宾语whom并用,即:

he is a nice man for whom to work.
或 he is a nice man with whom to work.

例:give me a chair to sit.(x)
理由:sit为不及物动词,后面要置介词in,使chair做其宾语。
改正:give me a chair to sit in.
或:give me a chair in which to sit.

注意

此类句型中,不定式短语多为主动语态,但有时亦可改为被动语态,以强调被动的概念。

例:there is something to do.
=there is something that we must do.
(有一件事我们得去做。)

there is something to be done.
= there is something that should be done by us.
(有一件事得由我们做。)

以上两例的意思相同,所差的只是主动、被动语态的不同。不过有时被动语态却比主动语态佳。

例:his article leaves nothing to be desired.
= his article leaves nothing that can be desired by anyone.
(他的文章完美无缺——没有什么可以挑剔的。)

3.be动词之后以“to+原形动词”所构成的补语,可视为名词性不定式,但有时亦可视为形容词性不定式

例:his plan is to build a house here.
(他的计划是在此建一栋房子。)

例:he is to build a house here.
(他将在此建一栋房子。)

第一例中,to build a house here等于his plan。两个词类可以相互调换,即:

to build a house here is his plan.(o)
(在这儿盖栋房子是他的计划。)

换言之,该不定式短语也可以用来充当主语,具有名词的特性,因此视为名词性不定式。

第二例中,to build a house here不等于he,两个词类不能相互调换,即:

to build a house here is he.(x)

换言之,盖房子是动作,he是人,两者不等,因此不能调换。to build a house here只能做be动词之后的补语,视为形容词性不定式,修饰主语he。

4.be动词之后的形容词性不定式有下列意义:

(1)主动形:

①表将来(=will)

例:he is to come tomorrow.
= he is going to come tomorrow.
= he will come tomorrow.
(他明天会来。)

②表义务(= should)

例:you are to do it.
=you should do it.
(你应该做它。)

what am i to do?
= what should i do?
(我该怎么办?)

(2)被动形

①表当然(= sbould)

例:such a lazy man is to be fired.
(这么懒的人应被革职。)

②表可能(= can)

例:my hat was nowhere to be found.
= my hat could nowhere be found.
(我的帽子找不到了。)