赖世雄教你学英语语法
副词
2-8:副词对等语及其在句中的位置
例:he loves her with all his heart.
(他全心地爱她。)
he achieved the goal by working hard.
(他努力工作达到了目标。)
he came by bus.
(他坐公车来的。)
注意
有时介词短语亦出现在句首,此时该短语仍被视为副词,修饰整个主句。但亦有形容词的功能,修饰主语。此类介词短语多半由in,by或on加动名词构成。
例:in doing the work, you must be careful.
= when you do the work, you must be careful.
in doing the work, you must be careful.
(做这工作时,你必须要谨慎。)
by working hard, he achieved the goal.
= beacuse he worked hard, he achieved the goal.
by working hard, he achjieved the goal.
(他努力工作达到了目标。)
on/upon seeing her, he ran away.
=as soon as he saw her, he ran away.
on/upon seeing her, he ran away.
(一看到她,他就跑开了。)
注意
in,by或on加动名词所构成的介词短语,置于句首时,要合理地修饰主语,也就是被修饰的主语要有行使动名词所表现的能力。通常此类主语一定是人。否则易形成悬垂修饰(dangling modification)的错误结构。
例:on seeing her, he ran away.(o)
理由:he为人,故可以做出seeing her所表示的动作。
例:on seeing her, tears came into his eyes.(x)
理由:tears为眼泪,不能做出seeing her的动作。
本句译成:眼泪看见她之后,就涌入他的眼眶中。
(不得了,他的眼泪会看见人,八成是个妖怪。)
例:in doing the work, he must be careful.(o)
理由:he为人,故可做出doing the work所表示的动作。
例:in doing the work, care must be taken.(x)
理由:care为抽象名词,表“谨慎”,显然“谨慎”不能自己去做工作,故本句犯了悬垂修饰的错误。
(2)不定式短语充当副词用
不定式短语充当副词用,除可修饰动词外,亦可置于形容词或副词之后,修饰该形容词或副词。
例:you will soon come to realize that you are mistaken.
(你很快便会了解自己错了。)
she went to italy (in order/so as) to study music.
(她去意大利学音乐。)
i am sorry to have kept you waiting.
(我很抱歉让你久等。)
he is rich enough to buy a car.
(他有钱,足可以买部车。)
注意
表目的的不定式短语置于句首时,亦同时有副词及形容词的功能。做副词用时,不定式短语修饰整个主句;做形容词用时,则修饰主句中的主语,而该主语亦要有行使不定式短语中动词所表现的动作能力,故该主语亦通常为人,否则易造成不连接修饰的错误结构。
例:to achieve the goal, you must work hard.
to achieve the goal, you must work hard.
(要达到目标,你必须努力工作。)
to achieve the goal, hard work is necessary.(x)
理由:hard work(努力)为抽象名词,不可能自行achieve the goal,故形成不连接修饰。
但有些不定式短语已成了固定的独立副词词组,称为独立不定式短语,置于句首时,只做副词用,修饰整个主句。此时就不必顾虑主句的主语。
例:to do him justice, he is qualified for the position.
(替他说句公道话,他有资格担任此职位。)
to be frank with you, the trip wasn't interesting.
(老实跟你说,这次旅行并不好玩。)
to sum up, one can't do without friends.
(总而言之,一个人不能没有朋友。)
2.副词从句:在本书上册第二章第三节,就已为同学介绍了副词从句的形成及其功能,在此不必赘述。然而值得重复强调的是:副词从句多用来修饰整个主句,可置于主句前后。若置于主句之前时要加逗点。
例:because he is nice, i like him.
= i like him because he is nice.
(我喜欢他因为他很好。)
if you have time, will you do it?
= will you do it if you have time?
(如果有空的话,你会不会做这件事?)
这种原则亦适用于副词短语。
例:to achieve the goal, you must work hard.
= you must work hard to achieve the goal.
(要达到目标,你必须努力工作。)
by working hard, he achieved the goal.
=he achieved the goal by working hard.
(他努力工作达到了目标。)