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单词、短语和从句-第一章概说(7)

7.单词、短语和从句

句子成分有几种表示办法,表示的东西可以是:

1.单词(words):
they built a house.
他们盖了一栋房子。

barking dogs seldom bite.
爱叫的狗很少咬人。(谚)

2.短语(phraoes)——由两个或更多的词构成的词组:
she doesn't know chinese.
她不懂汉语。(动词短语缨谓语)

we watch tv after super.
晚饭后我们看电视。(介词短语作状语)

i've come to learn from you.
我是来向你们学习的。(不定式短语缨状语)

3.从句(dauses))—— 一个与句子结构相似的短句:
i'll come over to see you when i have time.
我有空时过来看你。(从句作状语)

she says she isn't coming back today.
她说她今天不回来了。(从句作宾语)

有些成分有时由两部分构成,称为复合结构,如:

1.复合谓语(有些由系动词十表语构成):
she looks quite healthy.
她看起来很健康。

he became a teacher last year.
去年他当了教师。

healthy和a teacher说明主语的状态,称为表语(predicative)。

2.复合宾语(由宾语和补语构成):
she told the boy to go home.
她让男孩回家。(名词+不定式)

i saw a man coming up.
我看见一个人走了过来。(名词十现在分词短语)

he found the door locked.
他发现门被锁上了。(名词+过去分词)

to go home, comingup 和locked 都是补语(complement)。

另外有些动词由两个或更多词构成,称为成语动词(phrasal verbs):
who is looking after the baby?
谁在看宝宝?

i'll take after it.
这事我来管。

此外有些动词有两个宾语(一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语):
tell me (间接宾语) your name (直接宾语).
把你名字告诉我。

sing us (间接宾语) a song (直接宾语).
给我们唱一支歌。