Does punctuation matter?
标点符号有什么作用吗？
为什么标点符号这么重要，如果我们使用不当有关系吗？今天的六分钟英语，Neil和Alice将会讨论修辞学和逗号，以及为什么在我们发短信时使用句号会显得我们不够诚实。
本周问题：
另一个可表示一自然段的计算机符号名称的词汇是什么？是：
a) 段落符号
b) 箭头
c) 十二点活字
大家可以在节目的最后找到正确答案。
听力内容：
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript.
Alice: Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice…
Neil: And I'm Neil.
Alice: So, Neil, you texted me earlier and didn't put a full stop at the end.
Neil: You're right, I never use full stops in texts – they're much too stuffy – or formal. Texting is like conversation and you don't need lots of punctuation.
Alice: Well, punctuation is the subject of today's show. And I know I'm a bit of a stickler about this, but I think you're letting the standards of written English language slip.
Neil: A stickler is someone who insists on a certain way of doing a particular thing.Surely you aren't such a stickler for punctuation rules that you want to stop the evolution of English, Alice?
Alice: No, of course not, but I am a stickler when people don't follow the rules of punctuation because this makes written text ambiguous or difficult to understand.
Neil: Ambiguous means when something has two or more meanings. Can you give me some examples of punctuation making text easier to understand?
Alice: Alright then, here you are: Let's eat Grandma.
Neil: Ugh! It brings to mind the children's story Little Red Riding Hood, about a girl, her grandmother and a hungry wolf. Is that the wolf talking to another wolf friend of his?
Alice: No, it's the girl, Red Riding Hood, talking to her grandmother. And with a well-placed comma it becomes: Let's eat, Grandma. Without proper punctuation the sentence is ambiguous. Now, before we look at more reasons why punctuation is important, let's have today's quiz question.
Neil: OK. What is another word for the keyboard sign that represents a paragraph? Is it…
a) pilcrow?
b) bodkin?
or c) pica?
Alice: I'll say c) pica.
Neil: Well, we'll find out later in the show if you got that right or not.
Alice: Moving on now, punctuation was invented by the Ancient Greeks. They used a series of dots to indicate different lengths of pauses. A short unit of text was a comma, a longer unit was a colon, and a complete sentence was a periodos. We used these terms to name our punctuation marks – although they actually refer to the clauses not to the dots themselves.
Neil: So early punctuation wasn't about grammar, then?
Alice: No, it was about public speaking. The different dots indicated different lengths of pauses: short, medium, and long. These pauses broke the text up so it was easier to read and therefore easier to understand.
Neil: OK, let's hear from the punctuation expert, Keith Houston, who is author of Shady Characters: Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiosities. Here he's talking on BBC Radio 4's programme Word of Mouth.
INSERT
Keith Houston, author of Shady Characters: Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiosities
Punctuation started off being all about rhetoric – about speech – but we started to assign rules, I think around about the 8th century or so. We started to associate the marks, not just with pauses, but with the actual grammatical units that were used to punctuate. So, a comma wasn't just a dot that meant, pause for this length of time. It now actually marked out a clause, you know, it marked out a sort of consistent logical bit of writing.
Alice: So rhetoric – or the art of persuasive speaking – was very important to the Greeks and to the Romans. And to be persuasive, you need to be understood. And these little punctuation marks helped the speaker to deliver their text more effectively.
Neil: Later on, these marks were given grammatical functions. The comma marks out a clause – or grammatical unit containing a subject and a verb – as well as telling the reader to pause briefly.
Alice: Are you beginning to see why being sloppy – or careless – with punctuation isn't a good thing, Neil?
Neil: Yes, I am. Though recent research into texting and punctuation suggests that people consider messages ending in full stops to be less sincere than ones without.
Alice: Really? Well, now might be a good time to hear about how it can be hard to make writing unambiguous. We can misinterpret the written word, even with punctuation to guide us. Here's Keith Houston again, talking to Michael Rosen, presenter of Word of Mouth.
INSERT
Michael Rosen and Keith Houston
MR: Quite often I notice on Twitter and places like that people misunderstand irony. I mean because we only have text in front of us not intonation. So do we need an irony punctuation –'hello, I'm being ironic now' – do we need that?
KH: You might say that emoticons are the best way to go about that – a little winking emoticon – you know, semicolon, dash, closing parenthesis.
MR: Oh yes, yes, of course - they've invented all these with the punctuation that we have on the keyboard.
Neil: Irony means using words to mean something that is the opposite of its literal – or most usual – meaning. But when we're online – using email or Twitter – you don't hear the words, and that's why it can be hard to know what feelings the writer intended.
Alice: That's right. When we use emoticons – facial expressions made out of keyboard characters – we can signpost the feelings we intend.
Neil: Now, Alice, remember I asked you: What is another word for the keyboard sign that represents a paragraph? Is it a) pilcrow, b) bodkin or c) pica?
Alice: Yes, I said pica.
Neil: And you were wrong, I'm afraid. The right answer is pilcrow, which comes from the Greek word 'paragraphos'. The earliest reference of the modern 'pilcrow' is from 1440 with the Middle English word 'pylcrafte'.
Alice: Oh dear, sad face. I hate it when I get the quiz question wrong. Now, can we hear the words we learned today?
Neil: Yes, they are:
stuffy
stickler
rhetoric
clause
sloppy
irony
literal
emoticons
Alice: Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!
Both: Bye!