BBC六分钟英语：脸与第一印象

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[00:12.20] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English, the programme where we explore an interesting topic and bring you six bits of useful vocabulary. I'm Neil.  欢迎来到6分钟英语。本节目带你探索有趣的话题，学习6个实用单词。我是尼尔。
[00:20.40] And I'm Rob. Today we're talking about first impressions C and how they're often wrong.  我是罗布。今天我们谈论的是第一印象――以及为何第一印象总是错误的。
[00:25.50] So let's start with the term first impression C it's the idea or opinion that you have about someone after meeting them for only a short time.  那么我们先从第一印象这个词开始――它是你遇见某人之后短时间内形成的对他/她的一种观点或看法。
[00:34.00] It's very natural to make a quick judgement about someone based on their appearance or facial expression.   基于某人的外貌或面部表情迅速对其做出判断是一件很常见的事。
[00:39.90] We're going to be hearing about the research of Professor Alexander Todorov from Princeton University in the US.  我们一会儿要听听来自美国普林斯顿大学的亚历山大・托多洛夫教授的研究。
[00:46.30] First, a question: how long does he say it takes to form an impression about someone's face? Is it...  首先，想一下这个问题：对一个人的脸形成一种印象需要多长时间？
[00:53.10] a) under one secondb) one secondc) six seconds  A 不到一秒B 一秒C 六秒
[00:58.90] I'll go for b) one second.  我会选择B，一秒。
[01:01.00] Well, we‘ll find out if you‘re right or not later on the programme.  好的，在节目的最后我们将揭晓你的答案是否正确。
[01:04.30] So C Alexander Todorov has been researching our impressions.  那么――亚历山大・托多洛夫教授一直在研究我们的印象感观。
[01:08.40] His tests asked people to decide whether they thought faces were dominant, competent, trustworthy or extroverted.  他做了一项测试，要求人们凭借脸孔判断他们是什么样的人：强势的、可以胜任的、值得信赖的、外向的。
[01:16.00] Let's just look at those words for a second. Dominant means being strongest or most important. Competent means being able to do things.  我们先来看看这些词：Dominant意思是强大的、占主导地位的。Competent意思是能够胜任某些事情。
[01:24.60] While if you're trustworthy it means people trust you C you are worth their trust. And being extroverted means you are energetic and enjoy spending time with others.  如果你是trustworthy，就说明人们相信你――你值得他们信任。而extroverted就是说你精力充沛，乐意与他人交往。
[01:34.50] So what did he find out? Faces that look happy and feminine C like a woman - were rated as more trustworthy.  所以这位教授研究出了什么呢？看起来很开心很柔和――比如说女性，这样面孔的人比较值得信赖。
[01:42.10] While faces that were more masculine C like a man C were seen as more dominant.  那么比较阳刚的面孔，比如男性，则被视为比较强势。
[01:46.60] Wider faces with big eyes were seen as more extroverted.  脸庞较宽且眼睛比较大的人被认为比较外向。
[01:50.40] Now the important thing that Todorov says is that these judgements aren't accurate. Someone who looks competent isn't necessarily competent!  托多洛夫所说的重要的一点就是，这些判断并不精确。有些看起来很有能力的人其实并没有什么才能。
[01:58.60] So, what does this mean in practice? Here's Professor Todorov:  那么，这在事实上意味着什么呢？来听听托多洛夫教授怎么说：
[02:02.50] Trustworthiness, dominance and attractiveness are the three big things that we form impressions of people.  可信度、主导性、以及吸引力是我们形成对人的第一印象的三个重要因素。
[02:09.20] But interestingly we have done some work predicting the electoral success of politicians,  但有趣的是，我们对几名参加总统竞选的政要做了预测，
[02:15.00] and the judgement that is most predictive of who is going to win the election is perceived competence.  能力，是人们对即将赢得竞选的人的判断。
[02:20.70] And this is not random at all, because if you ask voters what is the most important attribute of a politician, competence is the one on the top.   这并不是随意预测的，因为如果你询问选民一个政客最重要的特点是什么，能力排在首位。
[02:31.30] OK, so this is actually quite significant. People say that the most important attribute C or quality C for a politician is competence C the ability to do things.  好吧。那这个还挺重要的。人们认为一个政客最重要的特点或品质是能力，也就是做事情的能力。
[02:41.70] That sounds fair enough. But because we make judgements based on appearance C this can actually affect how people vote.  听起来很有道理。但是由于我们是基于外貌做判断，这个确实能对选民产生影响。
[02:49.40] If voters believe C or perceive someone to be competent C they're more likely to vote for him or her.  如果选民们认为，或者感觉某人有能力，他们就更可能偏向于投他或她一票。
[02:55.60] He says this applies especially to people who are less educated about politics C they are more likely to be influenced by appearance.  他说这个结论适用于不太了解政治的人们，他们更容易被外貌影响。
[03:03.90] He says this applies to around 25% of voters C so the number of people who go with their gut is large enough to influence the outcomes of elections!  他表示，大约25%的选民是这样的，凭借第一感觉来投票的选民人数大到足以影响选举的结果了！
[03:13.40] Wow. To go with your gut. That means to make a decision which isn't based on rational thought C it's based on instinct, on a feeling, on your gut.  哇，To go with your gut，意思是不依赖理性思考做决定，而是凭借本能、感觉、直觉。
[03:23.60] Yes C your gut is your stomach and the organs in your belly. So, can we tell nothing from a person's face?  那么根据人脸我们就什么都分辨不出来么？
[03:30.80] Todorov says faces carry useful information about things like a person's mental state, and whether they're tired or sick. But they don't tell you about a person's character.  托多洛夫表示，人的脸上有很多有用的信息，比如他的精神状态，是否疲惫或生病。但是不能告诉你他的性格。
[03:40.60] Indeed. It's not only elections where this counts, we also judge during job interviews and meetings.  的确。凭第一印象做评判不只在选举中出现，我们也在面试或会议中也会做评判。
[03:46.70] So what can we do to minimise the chances of being affected C should we just close our eyes when we meet people?  那我们怎样才能将被第一印象影响的可能性降到最低呢？难道说要在跟人碰面的时候闭上眼睛？
[03:52.90] Well, it's not such a bad idea! There's the example of the Boston Symphony Orchestra C back in the 1950s it was entirely made up of male musicians.  这个注意不错！美国波士顿交响乐团里就有个例子。大约在1950年代，这个乐团里全部都是男性音乐家。
[04:02.90] They then introduced 'blind auditions' in other words they listened to new musicians without looking at them.  后来他们进行了一次盲选试镜，也就是说，他们只听试镜者的演奏而不去看他们长什么样子。
[04:09.20] And what happened C I guess many more women were selected?  后来呢？我猜是许多女性演奏者入选了。
[04:12.90] Exactly C around 50%. Of course, gender and race are also huge factors in how we perceive faces.  的确是。大约50%。当然，性别和种族也是对面孔形成感观的重要因素。
[04:19.60] Todorov says we tend to react most positively to faces that look like our own.  托多洛夫称，我们在面对与自己相像的面孔时，反应更积极。
[04:24.60] Right, well C I guess we just need to take a deep breath and try not to judge too much.  是的。那么，我想我们只需要深呼吸，尽量不要对人们做过多的评价。
[04:29.50] Easier said than done, I'm afraid. Especially when we judge so quickly! But do we do it in under a second, one second or six seconds?  恐怕是说起来容易做起来难。尤其是我们总是只用很短的时间给人下定论，是一秒之内，一秒钟还是六秒钟呢？
[04:38.20] I said one second.  我说的是一秒钟。
[04:40.10] According to Todorov it takes under one second.  托多洛夫说不到一秒。
[04:43.60] I think it's safe to say it's very fast. So shall we quickly go through today's vocabulary?  保险的说法就是很快。现在我们来快速浏览一遍今天的新单词吧？
[04:49.50] Ok C first up: first impression C the first judgement you make about something. What was your first impression of me, Rob?  好的。第一个：first impression――就是你对某件事情的第一判断。罗布，你对我的第一印象是什么？
[04:55.90] Well I thought you were very trustworthy and extroverted.  嗯……我觉得你是一个值得信赖、性格外向的人。
[05:00.80] Well isn't that convenient, (and accurate?!), because those were exactly the two adjectives I wanted to look at next.  呃，你还挺会挑方便准确的词，因为这两个形容词正是我接下来要讲到的。
[05:07.80] Being trustworthy is important in life C it means people trust you…  值得信赖在生活中是一种很重要的品质――它意味着人们信任你。
[05:11.40] And being extroverted is more of a character type C extroverts like to be with people,  外向是一种性格特征，extroverts――性格外向的人，喜欢与人交往，
[05:17.00] and are often seen as confident C whereas the opposite C introverts, usually need to spend time on their own, and aren't as loud.  通常被认为很有自信，它的反义词introverts――内向的人，通常需要花费更多时间独处，而且偏向安静。
[05:24.60] Both of these are interesting attributes C or qualities. You could say that mathematical ability is an essential attribute for an engineer.  这些都是很有意思的特点，或者说品质。你可以说，数学能力对与工程师来说是一项基本特点。
[05:32.70] And competence is the number one attribute for a politician.  competence，能力对政治家来说是最重要的特点。
[05:36.60] Although people don't always vote depending on actual competence, they base it on their perception.  尽管人们不会因为你的实际能力而给你投票，但他们会凭借自己的感观判断你的能力。
[05:42.40] What they see, or perceive, as competence. 'Perceived competence' might be different from actual competence!  他们所看到的的，感觉到的某人的能力，与他/她真实的能力还是有差距的。
[05:48.70] Yes, in many situations we tend to go with our guts. We make decisions based on deep feelings. Do you do that, Neil?  是的，许多情况下，我们倾向于相信直觉，基于内心深处的感觉做决定。尼尔，你会这样做吗？
[05:56.50] Yes, some things you can think about too much. When I left my last job, I really just went with my gut C it felt like the right thing to do.  是的，有些事情你会想的特别多。当我辞掉上一份工作时，我真的是凭直觉做的决定，那种感觉就像是，你要去做一件正确的事情。
[06:03.60] Of course C because it meant coming to work here with me!  当然了，因为这意味着你要来这里和我一起工作！
[06:06.70] Naturally. So C that's it for our chat about first impressions C for more do visit our Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube pages, and of course our website!  当然。那么，这就是我们关于第一印象的话题了。想了解更过，请访问我们的Facebook，Twitter，Instagram以及YouTube网页，还有我们的官方网站！
[06:16.20] Bye for now.  再见啦！
[06:17.00] Good Bye!  再见！

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BBC六分钟英语：脸与第一印象