5.What do we call the first 10 amendments to the Constitution?
5.我们将宪法修正案的前10条称为什么？
Answer:
答案：
The Bill of Rights
人权法案
Explanation:
解释：
While the Constitution was being written, many people argued that it did not actually protect the rights (or freedoms) of citizens or protect citizens from having the government take away their rights. Because of this, immediately after the Constitution was ratified (or approved) in 1789, the First Congress proposed 12 amendments to the Constitution that would protect civil rights (or the rights that citizens have to social and political freedom and equality, and having the same opportunities as all other citizens). Ten of these Amendments were approved, and they became known as the Bill of Rights. “Bill” is an old word meaning a list, so the Bill of Rights is a list of a citizen’s basic rights.
在宪法撰写期间，许多人争论说宪法没有保护公民的权利，没有保护公民被政府剥夺的权力。正因如此，在宪法批准后的1789年，第一届国会提出12条宪法修正案保护公民权利（公民社交和政治自由平等，和其他公民享有同等的机会），其中有10项通过，就是现在我们熟知的人权法案。：Bill（法案）古义是清单，因此人权法案也就是一份公民基本权利的清单。
The Bill of Rights includes a lot of rights and freedoms that are part of what it means to be an American. For example, it protects our freedom of speech-the right of people to say what they want. It also guarantees (or gives people the right to) freedom of religion, meaning that people can decide which religion they want to follow, or if they want to follow any at all. The Bill of Rights says that Americans have a right to trial by jury, meaning that when they go to court, a small group of citizens decides whether a person has done something against the law, instead of having just one person, the judge (or the head of the court), decide. The Bill of Rights also says that the police cannot go into an American’s home to look for something without a search warrant, which is specific permission for the police to search for something in a specific place, such as your home.
人权法案包含许多作为美国人享有的权利和自由。例如人权法案保护美国人的言论自由-人们畅所欲言的权利，他同时也确保（给予人们权利）信仰自由，即人们可以自由选择自己的信仰或者选择不信仰。人权法案规定美国公民由陪审审判权，即他们在法院可以决定一个人是否触犯法律，而不是法官一个人说了算。人权法案还规定美国警察没有搜查令不能擅自闯入居民家中，只有搜查令才被允许进入搜查。
The Bill of Rights also protects people from cruel and unusual punishment. Something that is cruel is painful or unfair. “Unusual” means not common or not normal. So the meaning here is that the punishment for a crime should not be too painful or strange, and that it should be a normal punishment for that kind of crime.
人权法案还保护民众不受酷刑和非常规惩罚。酷刑即是痛苦与不公，“非常规“就是非一般的，这里的意思就是处罚一项罪行不能过于残酷离奇，要是该罪行常规的处罚方式。
The Second Amendment is controversial and is argued about because people in the U.S. have many strong opinions about it. It protects people’s right to keep and bear arms (or carry weapons, such as guns), so that they can protect themselves. Recently in the U.S., having a gun without getting permission first has increased a lot. Many people have argued for stronger gun control laws so that it would be more difficult for people to own guns. But other people say that gun control laws violate (or do something that is not allowed by) the Second Amendment.
第2条修正案备受美国人争议，它规定民众可携带武器（如枪支等）保护自身。现如今在美国，未经允许就配备枪支的数量攀升，许多人也强烈要求出台枪支控制法来减少民众枪支拥有数量，但另一些人则认为枪支控制法违反了第2条修正案。
Glossary:
词汇
5.What do we call the first 10 amendments to the Constitution?
5.我们将宪法修正案的前10条称为什么？
right - the power or ability to do something; a freedom
Right—做某事的权力或能力；自由
*The mayor said, “All children should have the right to a good education.”
*市长说所有孩子都应享有接受良好教育的权利。
civil rights - the rights that citizens have to social and political freedom and equality, and having the same opportunities as all other citizens
Civil rights—公民享有的社交，政治自由，平等以及与他人享有平等机会的权利
*Around the world, many people have died while fighting for their civil rights.
*全世界每年有许多人为争取公民权利而牺牲。
bill - an old word meaning "list"
Bill—古义为”清单”
*The Bill of Rights is a list of 10 rights that all Americans should have.
*人权法案包含10项美国人享有的权利。
trial by jury - a lawsuit in a court where a small group of people decides whether or not a person has done something against the law
Trial by jury—法院诉讼案件中由一组人决定某人是否触犯了法律。
*Without a trial by jury, just one person (the judge) would decide whether or not a person had broken a law.
*没有陪审审判，只有法官一人决定这个人是否有罪。
search warrant - an official document that lets police enter one's home to look for something, even if one doesn't want them to enter one's home
Search warrant—允许警察进入公民家庭进行搜查的的强制性文件
*The police got a search warrant to look for drugs in that apartment.
*警察有去那个房间搜查毒品的搜查令。
cruel and unusual punishment - an uncommon, painful, unfair, and mean way to punish someone for doing something wrong
Cruel and unusual punishment—不寻常的，痛苦的，不公平的，为惩罚某人做错事
*In the United States, cutting off someone's fingers would be considered cruel and unusual punishment.
*在美国，截手指被认为是很残酷的惩罚。
controversial - something that is argued about a lot because people have very strong and different opinions about it
Controversial—因人们有强烈不同的意见而备受争议
*In the 1960s, the idea of having black and white students go to the same school was very controversial.
*20世纪60年代，黑人和白人学生同处一所学校备受争议。
to bear arms - to carry weapons, especially guns
To bear arms—携带枪支等武器
*People who don’t like gun laws say that if people weren't allowed to bear arms, only the police would have guns.
*不喜欢枪支法的人认为公民不能携枪，只有警察可以。
gun control - the practice of using laws to make it difficult or impossible for people to own guns
Gun control—运用法律手段控制人们携枪
*They think that fewer people would be killed each year if there was better gun control in the city.
*他们认为如果本市能控制枪支，才会有更少的人牺牲。
to violate - to do something that is not allowed; to break a rule or law
To violate—做不允许做的事；违反法律
*Griela violated the company's rules when she started smoking in her office.
*格雷拉在办公室抽烟违反了公司规定。