59.Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?
59.在欧洲人到来之前谁住在美国？
Answer:
答案：
Native Americans
●当地美国人
American Indians
●美国印第安人
Explanation:
解释：
Most Americans are taught that an explorer (or a person who goes to an unknown place to learn about it) named Christopher Columbus discovered (or found) America in 1492. But the truth is that millions of people were already living in North and South American before Christopher Columbus ever arrived on the American shore (or the land next to an ocean). Christopher Columbus was surprised to see the natives (or people who are born in America). He thought that he had landed in the East Indies on his way to India, so he called the people he met there Indians. Today, these people are usually called American Indians or Native Americans.
很多美国人知道的是探险家克里斯多夫.哥伦比亚在1492年发现了美国，但事实是在克里斯多夫.哥伦比亚到达美国海岸之前美国的北方和南方已经住了很多人。克利索多夫.哥伦比亚见到本土人很惊奇，他以为自己已经登上了印度东部的土地，因此将遇见的本土人成为印第安人。如今，这些人通常被称为美国印第安人或本土美国人。
The arrival of Christopher Columbus and other Europeans in the New World (or North and South America) was devastating (or extremely bad) for the Native Americans. Millions of Native Americans died because of epidemic diseases, which were illnesses that made a large number of the Native Americans sick very quickly. Many of the diseases that were common in the Old World (or Europe) were unheard of (or unknown) in the New World. The American Indians did not have the immunities that Europeans did, which meant that their bodies did not have the ability to fight against the diseases. When the Europeans came, they inadvertently (or without knowing or wanting to) infected the Native Americans and made them ill. Many of them died without ever knowing what was happening.
克里斯多夫,哥伦比亚和其他欧洲人来到新大陆对本土美国人是毁灭性的的。数以百万计的本土美国人因传染病死亡，就是大量的本土美国人迅速被传染的疾病。在欧洲很常见的疾病在新大陆并没有听闻过，很多美国印第安人没有欧洲人那样的免疫系统，即他们没有抵抗疾病的能力。欧洲人的到来在无意识中将疾病传染给了美国印第安人，很多人不知道什么原因就死亡了。
The Native Americans who didn’t die from disease were often killed by the Europeans. Almost all of the Europeans who came to America wanted the Native Americans to become more like them, and especially to become Christian and believe in the Christian God. They killed Native Americans who resisted (or fought against) their efforts.
因疾病幸存下来的本土美国人经常被欧洲人杀死。几乎所有来美国的欧洲人都希望很土美国人变得和他们一样，尤其是跟他们一样信仰基督教并相信基督上帝，他们会杀掉那些违背意愿的本土美国人。
As more and more Europeans began living in and being born in the New World, they needed more land, so they began to displace the Native Americans, which means that the Native Americans were made to move to other lands so that the Europeans could use them for farming. Over time, the Native Americans were pushed further and further west to lands that were not very good for growing things. Many Native Americans died while walking to those new lands, and many others died when there wasn’t enough water and food in those new lands.
越来越多的欧洲人居住和出生在新大陆，他们需要土地，因此他们驱逐本土印第安人，也就是本土美国人让出地盘让欧洲人种地。慢慢地，本土美国人被迫搬到不适宜种植的西部地区。很过本土美国人在搬迁的途中死亡了，另有很多人因搬到的新土地缺乏水和食物而死亡了。
Glossary
词汇
59.Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?
59.在欧洲人到来之前谁住在美国？
explorer - a person who goes to an unknown place to learn about it
Explorer—一个人去陌生的环境了解情况
*Robert Edwin Peary was a famous American explorer who went to the North Pole.
*罗伯特.埃德温.皮里是去北极的美国著名探险家。
shore - land next to an ocean
Shore—临近海洋的土地
*We stood on the shore and waved as their boat went out to sea.
*我们站在海边向离岸的船只挥手。
native - a person who was born in a particular place and has always lived there
Native—出生并成长在特定地方的人
*The first Europeans to come to America were surprised to see so many natives already living there.
*第一批去美国的欧洲人看到很多本地人生活在那很吃惊。
devastating - extremely bad; horrible and destructive
Devastating—非常坏的；恐怖的，破坏性的
*The floods were devastating for small towns in Iowa.
*洪水对爱荷华州的小镇是冲击致命的。
epidemic disease - an illness that makes a very large number of people very sick very quickly
Epidemic disease—是一大群人迅速传染的疾病
*How many people are killed by epidemic diseases each year?
*每年有多少人因传染病死亡？
unheard of - unknown; unusual; very unlikely to happen
Unheard of—不知道的；不平常的；几乎不可能发生的
*Marrying for love used to be almost unheard of.
*过去很少听闻因爱结婚的。
immunity - a body's ability to fight against a specific disease, so that even if a person is exposed to a disease, he or she does not get sick
Immunity—某人身体抵抗特定疾病的能力，即使暴露于疾病也不会生病的
*I wish I had an immunity for the common cold!
*我多希望我对流行感冒能产生抗体啊！
inadvertently - without knowing or wanting to; having something happen unintentionally; without realizing what is happening
Inadvertently—不知道的，不想的；某事无意识的发生；未意识到发生的事
*Have you ever inadvertently sent an email to the wrong person?
*你有无心给人发错过邮件吗？
to resist - to fight against something; to try not to let something happen
To resist—抗争某事；试图不让某事发生
*Yolanda wants to lose weight, but she has a hard time resisting ice cream.
*尤兰达想减肥，但她拒绝不了冰激凌的诱惑。
to displace - to force someone to leave a particular area so that one can use that area for oneself; to force people to leave an area because of dangerous events
To displace—强迫某人离开特定的区域以供自己使用；因危险情形强迫人们离开某区域
*How many people were displaced by the earthquake?
*有多少人因地震被迫离开了？