60.What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves?
60.什么人被带到美国并当成奴隶贩卖？
Answer:
答案：
Africans
●非洲人
people from Africa
●来自非洲的人
Explanation:
解释：
When Europeans began to live in the United States, they had a lot of work to do. They needed to make farms so that people would have enough to eat, build towns and cities, and build roads so that people could go between the towns and cities. There was too much work to do and not enough people to do it. So Europeans began to use slaves (or people who are forced to work without pay and are owned by other people). Most of the slaves were black people from Africa who were taken to America and sold to wealthy (or rich) people.
欧洲人搬到美国之后需要做很多工作，他们需要种植农场以保证有足够的食物，建造城镇和道路以供人们来回于不同城市之间，他们要做的工作太多但没有足够的人手，因此他们开始使用奴隶（被强迫无薪酬劳动并为其他人所有的人）。大部分奴隶是来自非洲的黑人，他们被带到美国卖给富人。
Africans were treated very poorly on the slave ships, which were large boats that brought slaves from Africa, and many of them died before getting to America. Historians (or people who study history) estimate (or guess) that about 645,000 Africans were brought to the United States. By 1860, the number of Africans had grown to around 4 million slaves. Most of these slaves lived and worked in the Southern United States, where cotton fields (or areas where something is grown for food or clothing) needed a lot of labor (or hard work). Many of them worked on large plantations, which were very large farms.
非洲人在奴隶船上遭到残酷的对待。奴隶船是专门用来运输非洲奴隶的，很多奴隶在到达美国之前就死亡了。历史学家预估有约645000非洲人被带到美国。到1860年，非洲奴隶人数增长到了约400万人。大部分奴隶生活工作在美国南部，那里是棉花种植地，需要大量劳动力，很多奴隶都是在大型的种植园工作。
Slavery was legal (or allowed by law) from 1654 to 1865. During this time, most slaves were treated very badly by their owners. Slaves were often whipped (or hit with a long piece of leather to cut a person’s back) and beaten (or hit badly). Female slaves were often raped (or forced to have sex) by their owners. Black families were often separated (or forced to leave each other) when children were sold separately from their parents. For all these reasons, over time people began to think that slavery was wrong. Eventually slavery was made illegal (or against the law) when the 13th Constitutional Amendment was passed (or made into law) in 1865.
1654年到1865年间奴隶制度是合法的。在这段时间内，大部分奴隶都遭到主人的虐待，他们经常遭受皮鞭殴打之苦。女性奴隶经常遭到主人的性侵。黑人家庭经常被分离，父母和孩子被卖到不同的地方。以上诸多理由经过时间的沉淀人们开始认为奴隶制度是错误的。最终1865年通过的第13条宪法修正案将奴隶制度视为非法。
Glossary
词汇
60.What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves?
60.什么人被带到美国并当成奴隶贩卖？
slave - a person who is forced to work without pay and is owned by another person
Slave—被强迫无薪酬劳动并为其他人所有的人
*Many of the big farms in the southern United States used hundreds of slaves.
*美国南部很多大农场会用几百号奴隶。
slave ship - a large boat that brought slaves (people who were forced to work without pay and were owned by other people) from Africa to America
Slave ship—将奴隶从非洲运到美国的大型船只
*Many Africans died on slave ships without ever reaching America.
*很多非洲奴隶在没到达美国之前就死了。
estimate - to guess at the amount of something without calculating it or knowing the exact amount
Estimate—在没有计算或不知道具体数量的情况下大概估算的数字
*They estimated that about 4,000 people were at the concert.
*他们预估音乐会有4000人参加。
field - an area where something is grown for food, clothing, housing, or other things
Field—一大片用来种植做食物，制衣服，盖房子或其他事情的区域
*We have large corn fields around our house.
*我们房子周围有大片的玉米地。
labor - hard work done by people; physical work
Labor—人努力完成的工作；身体劳动
*Labor is the biggest expense of owning and running a restaurant.
*拥有经营一家餐厅花费最大的就是人力。
plantation - a very large farm, mostly in the southern United States
Plantation—
*Gone with the Wind is a popular book about a woman who grew up on a large cotton plantation.
《飘》是一部很著名的书，讲的是一个在棉花种植园长大的女主人的故事。
to whip - to hit a person with a long piece of leather to cut a person's body and cause pain
To whip—用一长截皮具打某人的身体并造成伤害
*The man was whipped for having stolen bread.
*这个男人因头面包被鞭打了。
to beat - to hit a person very badly to cause pain
To beat—使劲打某人并使其受伤
*Our neighbor was arrested for beating his wife.
*我们邻居因殴打妻子被捕了。