BBC中国故事第一集祖先 Part 10 百家争鸣，孔子的使命

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[00:09.36]So political instability, warfare and violence were endemic.政局动荡，战争肆虐。
[00:15.16]And for that reason, perhaps, this is the time when a ferment of ideas grows about the nature of kingship, the function of states, duties, obligation and morality.也许也因为这样，这一时期关于王权内涵、国家功能、责任、道德的思想不断涌现。
[00:28.88]Out of this begins the first golden age of Chinese philosophy.这时，中国哲学开始了第一个黄金时期。
[00:36.40]Right across the Old World in the sixth century BC, thinkers and rulers were debating these ideas.公元前16世纪，古代大陆的思想家和统治者们对这些思想争论不休。
[00:45.08]A new age of human thought had dawned, what we call the Axis Age.人类思想的新时代开始了，我们称之为轴心时代。
[00:53.49]The Greek philosophers, the Old Testament prophets, the Buddha in India, all of them were wrestling with ideas about conscience and social justice and human autonomy.希腊哲学家、旧约先知、印度的佛陀都在斟酌着关于良知、社会正义和人类自治的思想。
[01:08.88]How can a king be just in violent times? 战乱时期的国王应当如何?
[01:12.84]What is law and what is virtue? 什么是法律和德行？
[01:16.50]Here in China it was said 100 schools bloomed.据说彼时的中国，百家争鸣。
[01:26.22]And the most famous thinker came from an obscure state in eastern China.其中最有名的思想家来自中国东部一个无名小国。
[01:34.50]He was descended from a family of Shang diviners, oracle-bone crackers.他的祖先是商王朝的祭司，曾负责甲骨的占卜。
[01:39.62]And his obsession was not the inner life but how we act in the public world.他关注的不是内心而是如何处世。
[01:45.37]Small-town China, but what a small town.一个中国小城，但这是个多么神奇的小城。
[01:50.37]Because this place, Qufu, has nearly 3,000 years of continuity, life on this spot.在曲阜这个地方，有将近三千年都没有断过的人脉。
[01:58.14]And it gave birth to one of the most influential figures in the history of the world, Confucius.这片土地孕育了世界历史上最有影响力的思想家之一：孔子。
[02:10.54]Ni hao.你好。
[02:11.84]Confucius lived in a time of cultural and political crisis.孔子生活的时代，中国正处于文化政治危机之中。
[02:15.84]China divided into many small states that were always fighting each other and sometimes even divided in themselves, 中国分裂成许多小诸侯国，他们总是相互征战，有时甚至会有内部分裂,
[02:23.99]like this one, the state of Lu, whose capital was Qufu.就像这里的鲁国，都城是曲阜。
[02:33.84]Confucius rose eventually to a quite high ministerial job in which he played a crucial role.....孔子曾身居高位，担任一个非常重要的角色......
[02:43.31]brokering a peace deal between three feuding clans and persuading them to demolish their fortifications and acknowledge the duke here as their lord.使三国达成了和平协议，说服他们摧毁兵器，承认这里的首领为君王。
[02:53.26]And that kind of experience gave him the idea of his mission, which was nothing less than to restore civilisation by teaching rulers to be virtuous.这种经历让他有了使命感，授统治者以德，重建文明。
[03:07.37]Confucius had a very clear vision.孔子有清晰的未来愿景。
[03:10.53]There is definitely this sense of passion in him that he wants to be recognised.他内心有一种坚定的热忱--渴望得到认可。
[03:16.55]He wants to contribute to the social order of society and he wants to make sure that ritual practices are followed very closely.他想为社会秩序做出贡献，他想确保社会礼仪被严格遵守。
[03:28.26]Confucius was very keen on the idea of humaneness, or benevolence, and that the ruler set a direct example for the people to follow.孔子热衷于仁的概念，认为统治者应直接为人民树立榜样。
[03:41.68]There's a very lively metaphor in the Analects when the character of the ruler is compared to the wind and the character of the ordinary people is compared to the grass, 在论语里有一个非常生动的比喻：他把统治者比作风，把普通人比作草
[03:52.67]so it's said that when the wind blows the grass naturally bends.，“草尚之风必偃”就是说草一定会顺着风的方向倒。
[03:57.66]Like Socrates or the Buddha, his sayings were turned into a book after his death by his disciples.像苏格拉底和释迦牟尼一样，孔子死后，他的言行被弟子编纂成书。
[04:03.80]The Analects.论语。
[04:05.69]Horrible word, isn't it? 好可怕的词！
[04:06.69]What a mouthful. 好难读。
[04:08.80]It means the sort of quotations from...意思是引用的话......
[04:10.99]but really it should be called the conversations of Confucius, cos that's what it really is.其实也可以叫孔子谈话录，因为的确如此。
[04:15.62]It's his sayings, and it's been said that no book in the history of the world, even the Bible, has exerted so much influence for such a long period on so many people.书里都是他的话，而且据说在世界历史上，即使是圣经也比不上论语，在如此长的历史中影响如此之多的人。
[04:31.55]That's Confucius's little blue book.这就是孔子小蓝书。
[04:35.18]- 18? 18块？
[04:35.86]- 18. 18块。
[04:36.54]- 18, OK, great. 18块，好的。
[04:38.81]'The Analects would become China's guide 'to the principles of good government.论语就是中国版的从政守则。
[04:46.20]He says that if you govern people by cheng - it could be translated as "law" or "punishment" - then you get people who have no sense of shame.孔子说如果你通过“政”来统治人民，可以理解成法律或者刑法--人民就不会有廉耻之心。
[04:59.65]You get order but people don't really know what they're doing wrong.秩序得到了维护，但人民却不知道哪里错了。
[05:04.20]But then if you govern by de - a sense of virtue, morality - then people have a sense of shame and with that idea it's implied that they will have moral progress as well.但是如果选择“德治”的话，即美德、道德，人民就会有廉耻之心，就是说他们会有道德上的提升。
[05:21.91]It's a very old idea in the story of China that the basis of all government is not law but established morality.在中国的故事中有一个非常古老的理念，政府的执政根基是德而不是法。
[05:30.84]And the key end - to preserve the state.目标就是维持国家的稳定。
[05:41.59]In the West we tend to think of Confucius as an archconservative, a bit pious and a bit pompous.在西方的观点里，孔子这一思想被认为极端保守，有点宗教化，有点自大。
[05:49.48]But without virtue he thought any rule is morally bankrupt and should be resisted, even until death.但他认为，任何无德行的统治在道德上都站不住脚并且应该誓死抵抗。
[05:59.35]He travelled the roads of China like some intellectual trouble-shooter, trying to sell China's local rulers his new deal.像谏政的知识分子一样，孔子周游列国试图向统治者兜售他的新理念。
[06:12.65]At his tomb I met a group of Confucian teachers from Korea.在他的墓地旁，我遇到了一些来自韩国的儒学老师。
[06:18.46]These gentlemen are not priests, they're scholars.这些先生们不是牧师而是学者。
[06:23.30]And what they're doing is not so much religion as ritual.他们所做的并非宗教仪式。
[06:28.42]An active reverence for the old master and his ideal of universal brotherhood.而是对这位先圣和他的海内一家理想的尊敬。
[06:39.26]Bowing before his tombstone, which was smashed to pieces by the Communist Red Guards only 50 years ago but is now restored.他们在孔子墓前下拜，而五十年前这座石碑才被共产主义红卫兵砸碎，但现今得以重建。
[07:01.40]Ah, very good question! 啊，很好的问题！
[07:02.97]We are interested in the history of China and Confucius is so important that that is why we are here.我们对中国的历史很感兴趣，而孔子在中国历史中如此重要，所以我们来到了这里。
[07:09.67]THEY ALL SPEAK HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 
[07:24.00]Confucius is covering all over the world...孔子的思想中涉及到了整个世界...
[07:26.92]love.仁爱。
[07:28.66]Should spread all over the world.他认为仁爱应该传遍四海。
[07:32.14]Not just individual.而不仅仅是针对个人。
[07:33.60]- Love, benevolence, courtesy...仁爱、良善、礼仪......
[07:35.77]- Courtesy.礼仪。
[07:36.85]good manners.好的举止行为。
[07:37.40]These are the way society works, - when society works well, in Confucius's idea.这些是一个好的社会得以持续的要素，按照孔子的概念来说。
[07:41.33]- Yeah, yeah, yeah.对对对。
[07:46.49]Confucius was condemned during the Communist revolution as the embodiment of old ideas and old customs.在文革时期，孔子思想被认为是陈旧思想与习俗的象征。
[07:53.15]But now, once more, he's a national treasure, praised by the government for his stress on social values, 但现在他再一次成为国宝，他对社会价值观的强调受到了政府的表扬。
[08:00.00]though not so much perhaps for his insistence that it is the intellectual's duty to speak truth to power.不过或许不怎么强调孔子坚持向当权者谏言的那一面。
[08:08.67]But in both he's a symbol of the Chinese way.不过在这两方面，他都是中国的象征。
[08:19.91]Very good! 很好！
[08:21.86]Oh, very good! 很好！
[08:23.58]Xie xie! 谢谢！
[08:25.15]Thank you very much! 非常感谢！
[08:26.10]Fantastic! 太棒啦！
[08:35.77]Confucius was not an innovator, he was the distiller, the crystalliser of an already ancient tradition. 孔子不是一个发明者，他是一个完善者，对已被摈弃的传统进行完善。
[08:45.22]The idea of the virtuous ruler.他强调德治。
[08:47.63]Of filial piety, of ritual and ceremony as the glue that bound society together and the overruling power of education.孝道，认为是礼仪将社会紧紧黏合，并且重视教育的力量。
[08:57.78]Those are the values that still underlie Chinese values today.这些价值观仍然支撑着今日中国人的价值体系。
[09:03.22]And South Asian values from Korea and Japan all the way down to Vietnam.以及整个南亚的价值体系，从韩国到日本，远至越南。
[09:09.74]What a legacy.多么传奇的遗产。
[09:20.50]But the truth is in his own lifetime Confucius was a complete failure.但事实是，孔子的一生是失败的。
[09:24.57]No ruler bought into his manifesto for change.没有统治者遵循他的理念。
[09:28.32]After his death in 469 BC the warring states fought each other for two more centuries until the fall of the last of the Zhou.公元前469年孔子去世后，战国继续战乱纷飞，持续了两个世纪，直至周朝灭亡。

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BBC中国故事 第一集 祖先 Part 10 百家争鸣，孔子的使命

BBC中国故事第一集祖先 Part 10 百家争鸣，孔子的使命