BBC中国故事第三集盛世中华 Part6 宋朝活字印刷

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[00:02.63]The Mountain House Cookbook was one of thousands of books you could buy in Kaifeng. 《山家清供》是你能在开封买到的数千本食谱之一。
[00:08.59]Publishing boomed. 印刷依旧兴隆。
[00:10.86]From vast imperial encyclopaedias to poetry, history and ritual. 从大部头皇家编撰的百科全书到诗歌、历史和礼仪。
[00:16.30]And self-help manuals for the literate man and woman in the street. 还有那些为街上的人们识字准备的自学手册。
[00:22.25]The Chinese had invented woodblock printing back in the Tang, one of many great inventions with which they led the world.中国人在唐朝就已发明了刻板印刷术，这是领先世界的众多伟大发明之一。
[00:31.13]And now in the Song they devised moveable type too, although that never took off in the same way.而在宋朝也已发明出活字印刷，尽管和其他发明一样并未风靡。
[00:40.44]The first mention of this is slightly after 1040 by a person called Bi Sheng, using clay to print with moveable typeset. 1040年稍晚的时候，毕N第一次提到了它，是用粘土制成可移动的模板进行印刷。
[00:51.85]So each one of these is a Chinese character and they would form part of a page in a frame. 每个这样的模板都是一个中文字，它们组成了框页的一部分。
[01:00.00]Yeah. 嗯嗯。
[01:01.51]But it wasn't.....taken up? 但它不是...固定的？
[01:04.22]No. 不是。
[01:05.34]The Chinese made this invention, which has proved so useful to the rest of the world, but they didn't find it useful.中国人的这项发明已经证实对世界其他地方也很有用处。但中国人却不觉得。
[01:12.39]Why? 为什么呢？
[01:13.87]It has to do with the Chinese characters, because there are so many of them and, erm..... Say if you look at this page, almost every character is a different one, 这和中国的方块字有关，因为字很多，而且...比如你看这一页，几乎每个方块字都不一样，
[01:27.00]so economically it wasn't viable, it wasn't efficient, especially compared to just using a single woodblock print.所以它不够经济、效率不高，和单版印刷相比更是如此。
[01:34.33]Too cumbersome for such a vast range of characters? 对于大量的汉字来说尤其麻烦。
[01:36.59]Yes. 是的。
[01:37.99]And you can see exactly why' when East met West in the 20th century, with the typewriter. 20世纪在东西方文化交融时，看看打字机你就能了解原因了。
[01:44.58]Each individual metal type is a Chinese character.每个金属件就是一个中国字。
[01:51.24]You'd have to choose the right one, by.....navigating this.你得选好正确的那个，通过查找这个版面。
[01:57.18]And how many characters have they got for this machine, then? 那么这台机器上有多少个汉字？
[02:00.60]Probably about 2,000. 大约2000个。
[02:03.92]So how many do you need to negotiate, say, a newspaper in modern China, then? 那么在现代中国，比如用于一份报纸，要多少汉字？
[02:08.60]About 3,000 or 4,000 for the average. 平均大约3000到4000个汉字。
[02:13.55]So strangely enough, although this seems very cumbersome, to be carving woodblocks, it's actually much more efficient.很奇怪，尽管雕刻木块看上去繁冗，可实际上高效得多。
[02:20.40]Especially if a book stays in print for centuries, as they do in China.尤其在中国，一本书经常是数百年中重复印刷。
[02:25.30]So tell us about the readership in the Song, then? 那么跟我们说说读者的情况？
[02:28.78]Does reading percolate down into ordinary people? 阅读渗透到普通大众中间了吗？
[02:31.11]Well, of course there are the more elite classes who..... who can read and who are expected to read. 好吧，当时存在精英阶层...他们能够读书，并且在读书上被寄予厚望。
[02:40.49]But definitely literacy is spreading in the Song.但肯定的是识字正在宋朝普及开来。
[02:46.15]Even if they weren't able to read themselves, they would be easily able to find someone who can do that for them.就是他们不能自己看懂，也能轻易找到其他人来代他们看。
[03:00.81]One of the great things about the Song Dynasty is the attention to.....what we would call, I suppose, civic values. 宋朝期间的大事之一就是我们所称的市民价值。
[03:08.40]They even publish books on old age.他们甚至出版了关于老年人的书。
[03:12.19]This..... You're not going to believe this, but this is a book about..... Well, it's called How To Help Old People Live Better, Longer And More Fulfilling Lives and it was written in 1085 这个...你不会相信的。可这是一本关于...它叫做《寿亲养老新书》写于1085年。
[03:29.84]and it's gone through editions in every dynasty of China ever since and this is the latest 2013 printing. 自那时起每个朝代都会重印，这是2013年最新的版本。
[03:38.11]How about that? 怎么样？
[03:40.98]Now, to care for old people, you have to look at the nature of their whole life.要照顾老年人，你得了解他们一生的自然规律。
[03:45.80]Everybody has things that they really like. 每个人都有他们真正喜欢的东西。
[03:49.10]Things that make them glad. 有能让他们高兴的东西。
[03:51.14]Books and paintings, music. 书本或是绘画、音乐。
[03:55.53]There are millions of things that people like. 人们所喜欢的东西各式各样。
[03:59.00]If a person frequently seeks out the things that they've loved all their life and focuses on their essence and has these things around them, 如果一个人终生寻求自己喜爱的事物并专注于事物的本质、沉浸其中，
[04:08.28]it will give them endless joy and pleasure and their days will be joyful.这就会带给他们无尽的乐趣，每一天都会很快乐。
[04:14.79]And today's citizens still follow the Song's self-help message.今天的市民们依然沿袭着宋朝的自娱精神。
[04:43.81]Yeah, yeah, yeah, so dancing is very good.对对对，所以跳舞是很好的。
[04:52.95]So in its ideas about the good life 'the Song went beyond any earlier civilisation - even the ancient Greeks.所以在美好生活这一方面上，宋朝超越了前面所有的文明--甚至是古希腊。

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BBC中国故事 第三集 盛世中华 Part6 宋朝活字印刷

BBC中国故事第三集盛世中华 Part6 宋朝活字印刷