BBC中国故事第三集盛世中华 Part11 宋朝王安石变法

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[00:02.65]But in the late 11th century, right up to the top, the old way of doing things was challenged.但从11世纪后期开始，旧有的传统受到挑战。
[00:11.72]The leading light in the reformers was a man called Wang Anshi, a Southerner, who'd spent 20 years in local government.改革派中的领军人物是王安石，他是南方人，曾在当地政府任职20年。
[00:19.26]Ni hao.你好。
[00:21.36]Wang pushed reforms across the board. 王安石推行了全面的改革。
[00:23.80]Fairer taxes, government loans for the poor, new degrees in law and science.税收更加公平，政府贷款给穷人，设立新的法律和科学学位。
[00:30.36]Breaking down class barriers in the name of economic efficiency.以经济效益的名义打破阶级壁垒。
[00:36.10]With growing threats on its frontiers, the state had an enormous defence budget, and Wang thought a more open society would make the economy work better.随着边疆受到日益加剧的威胁，帝国的国防预算非常庞大，王安石认为更加开放的社会能有更好的经济表现。
[00:47.91]The Confucian classics, the old way of doing things, were put in their place.儒家经典，做事情陈规旧习摆在他们面前。
[00:51.96]They had to have practical application.必须有切实可行的办法才行。
[00:54.17]And of course the old-fashioned Confucian bureaucrats were horrified. 守旧的儒家官僚当然大惊失色。
[00:58.35]And they took their case to the Emperor, here in the palace in Kaifeng.他们就在开封这里的宫殿上把此事上奏给皇帝。
[01:04.83]The Emperor favoured the reformers, but the conservatives in his council saw root-and-branch reform as potentially destabilising in uncertain times.皇帝更倾向于变法这方，但是朝内的保守派认为根本性的变革可能导致社会的不稳定。
[01:20.70]In the winter of 1070, the great conservative opponent of the reforms, Sima Guang, petitioned the Emperor.在1070年冬，变法最大的保守派对手司马光向皇帝递交了请愿书。
[01:29.30]He said, "We don't need these new laws".他说：“我们不需要这些新法”。
[01:31.50]"What we need are good men trained in the old ways". “我们需要的是传统方式培养出的优良人才”。
[01:37.77]"Look at the last 1,500 years of Chinese history," said Sima Guang.“自周末以来，至于国初一千三百六十有二年，”司马光说。
[01:42.80]"You'll see the periods of peace add up to only 300 years, if that".“其间乱离板荡，则固多矣，至于中外无事”。
[01:46.30]"This shows how hard it is to create order and how hard you must work to keep it once you've got it".“不见兵甲，百有余年。如国朝之盛者，岂易得乎”。
[01:53.87]And he ended with this - "I fear, at the moment, that our house may not be able to shelter our nation from the rains and the storms that are to come".在结尾处他写道：“大坏而更造，非得良匠美材则不成，今二者皆无。臣恐风雨之不庇矣。”
[02:16.47]It's one of the great what-ifs of history.这是历史上最大的悬念之一。
[02:19.53]At this point, towards 1100, China could have become the first modern society, with the most egalitarian system of government anywhere before modern times.在这一时刻，12世纪前夕，中国本可能成为第一个现代社会，有着现代之前全世界政府中最平等的体系。
[02:30.28]Why that didn't happen was due to events beyond their control which would eventually overwhelm them.为什么没有发生，因为变法引发的各种事件，最终让倡导者应接不暇。
[02:40.24]The last 50 years of Song China saw climate change and famine and the incessant drumbeat of foreign armies on the frontiers.中国宋朝末50年里经历了气候变化和饥荒，以及边疆地区不断的外族入侵。
[02:56.44]The Mandate of Heaven was not yet lost, but the harmony had gone.天授的君权尚未丧失，但和谐已然不再。
[03:26.90]A contemporary wrote, "The problem was the wasting of national resources".当时有人写道：“问题在于国家资源的浪费。”
[03:31.85]"Public opinion wanted defence spending, not grand building projects".“百姓需要国防开支，而非大兴土木”。
[03:46.97]The achievements of the Song Dynasty for 100 years were amazing across every field of human endeavour.一百年间，宋朝在人类活动的每个领域都取得了惊人成就。

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BBC中国故事 第三集 盛世中华 Part11 宋朝王安石变法

BBC中国故事第三集盛世中华 Part11 宋朝王安石变法