BBC中国故事第五集明朝 Part13 鸦片入中国，清朝危在旦夕

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[00:01.26]Europeans, and British in particular, were buying a lot from China and China wasn't buying a lot from Britain and Europe.欧洲人，尤其是英国人，在中国购买了大量商品，而中国对英国和欧洲的进口需求不大。
[00:10.20]There was nothing, really, that they needed.他们实在没什么需要从外面购买的。
[00:16.74]So, the British set out to create the demand.所以英国人就要开始创造需求了。
[00:22.38]And the British and other traders - the Portuguese, the Dutch - were all thinking,英国和其他贸易者--包括葡萄牙和荷兰--都在想，
[00:27.80]"What is it that the Chinese would buy "so that we can get that silver out and then we can get more tea?"“中国人究竟会买什么东西，我们才好挣到白银购买更多的茶叶？”
[00:35.57]And.....by the.....1790s, I think, they figured it out, 然后到了18世纪90年代，他们想出来了，
[00:42.78]that the Chinese were buying a little bit of opium every time, and that number was increasing.中国人每次都会买一点鸦片，且购买量在逐渐上升。
[00:55.48]The key to the opium trade was British control of India, where the opium was grown.鸦片贸易的关键在于英国控制了印度，那里是鸦片种植地。
[01:02.29]The East India Company bought raw cotton from India and then sold it back to them as Finnish textiles.东印度公司从印度购买原棉，然后做成纺织品再卖给印度。
[01:09.91]They then bought up Indian opium and sold it to China, buying tea in return.他们再从印度购买鸦片然后卖给中国，顺便买回茶叶。
[01:15.34]And, so, they created a trading triangle.于是他们创造了一种三角贸易。
[01:18.55]The profits were high, but so was the risk.收益很高，但风险也高。
[01:26.40]So, in 1793, the British sent an embassy to China to try to get favoured trading nation status.1793年，英国派了一个使团来到中国想成为中国的最惠贸易国。
[01:33.62]Its leader was Sir George Macartney.使团由乔治-马格尔尼率领。
[01:36.67]Born in Country Antrim, Macartney had served in the Caribbean and India.他出生于安特尼姆，曾在加勒比海和印度任职。
[01:41.67]He coined the phrase, "The empire on which the sun never sets".他创造了称号“日不落帝国”。
[01:51.67]"China is picturesque beyond comparison", he wrote, "the rice paddies, the fields of sugar cane, the tea plantations".他曾写道：“中国有着无与伦比的如画风景，稻田、甘蔗地和茶园。”
[02:03.30]"The common people of China", he said, "are patient and industrious, cheerful under the severest labour".他曾说：“中国的百姓耐心且勤勉，在繁重的劳动下依然开朗。”
[02:09.24]"Hardy and loquacious, they are by no means the sedate, tranquil people they've been represented."耐劳且唠叨，他们绝不是人们所谓的那种安静的哑巴。
[02:21.92]"But the poorest", he added, "detest the Mandarins, whose arbitrary powers they fear, whose injustice they feel, whose rapacity they must feed".他还说：“但是最底层的穷人惧怕官吏，他们害怕官吏的强权，忍受官吏的不公、满足他们的贪婪。”

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BBC中国故事 第五集 明朝 Part13 鸦片入中国，清朝危在旦夕

BBC中国故事第五集明朝 Part13 鸦片入中国，清朝危在旦夕