BBC中国故事第五集明朝 Part16 第一次鸦片战争，香港割让

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[00:03.45]They were a maritime nation, the Chinese were not.英国是海洋民族，但中国不是。
[00:08.24]In fact, the Chinese didn't really have a navy at all.事实上，中国人完全没有真正的海军。
[00:12.44]Did they understand that the balance of power in the world was changing because of maritime power?他们知道世界局势的均衡正因海权而改变吗？
[00:18.63]I think, for us historians, we're always asking that, "Don't they realise that they were no match?"我觉得我们的历史学家总是这样问，“他们就没有意识到自己落伍了吗？”
[00:23.76]Don't they know what's going on in the world? 他们知道外面世界发生了什么吗？
[00:29.21]I think the answer, I can be quite definite in that, is no.我想答案可以很肯定地说是不知道。
[00:34.37]They still think we are the middle kingdom and all under heaven respects China, admires Chinese civilisation.他们依然觉得自己是泱泱大国，觉得全天下都敬重中国，都仰慕中华文明。
[00:45.23]Bringing ships and men from India, the British gathered a task force and sailed to China.从印度招来船只和人员后，英国集结了一支军队航向中国。
[00:51.79]In New Year 1841, they entered the Pearl River.在1842年新年期间，他们驶入珠江。
[01:00.22]And there, the Chinese found themselves hopelessly out-gunned.在那里，中国人发现自己完全不堪一击。
[01:09.64]The Chinese had defended the estuarine depth, they had outer fortifications towards the sea and then, 中国人在入海口布防，他们有朝向大海的对外工事，
[01:15.10]at the narrows, these big fortresses with heavy guns.在江面狭窄处，还配有重炮的大型堡垒，
[01:20.89]To the soldiers who were waiting here so anxiously, it must have seemed that they had a chance of defeating the British.士兵们在这里焦急地等待，似乎他们还有机会可以打败英国人。
[01:29.64]In fact, the Chinese guns were useless, with their fixed positions and fixed range, against a mobile enemy.实际上，中国人的大炮是没用的，固定位置和射程的大炮没法应对机动的敌人。
[01:39.92]The British fleet had three 74-gun warships out in the estuary.英国舰队中有三艘各配有74门大炮的战舰驶到入海口。
[01:44.73]A flotilla of smaller vessels, they had 15 troop ships carrying native Indian regiments, 有一队较小的舰船队，里面有十五艘运兵船搭载着印度军团。
[01:51.50]who were going to fight alongside the British when they stormed these fortresses.当英国人冲向这些防御工事时，他们协同作战。
[01:56.12]And their secret weapon was a nearly 200-foot-long boat made entirely of iron.而英国的秘密武器是一艘全钢打造的近60米长的战舰。
[02:04.21]And, on it, swivel and pivot-mounted, heavy weaponry and a rocket launcher that could send incendiary projectiles.而船上装载的是可以转向的重型武器，以及一具可以发射燃烧弹的火箭筒。
[02:13.60]And the name of the boat was the Nemesis.这艘船名为“尼弥西斯号”，
[02:17.49]Retribution.意为：复仇女神。
[02:21.85]At the climax of the battle, a British rocket hit the powder store of the flagship Chinese junk, which blew up in a tremendous explosion.战斗至高潮时，英国的一发火箭弹打到了中国主力平底帆船的弹药库上，帆船在爆炸中毁灭。
[02:36.20]The British then rampaged up the coast and stormed the port city of Ningbo, It was shock and awe, 19th century style.英国人随后沿着海岸横扫，席卷进入了港口城市宁波，这是来自19世纪风格的威慑战术。
[02:51.43]GUNSHOTS SCREAMING Rocked by their defeat, the Qing government sued for peace 被战败所震动的清朝开始求和，
[03:00.20]in the very place where, 400 years 'before, Admiral Zheng He had given thanks after his great voyages.而在四百年前的这里，郑和下西洋后曾到此拜谢。
[03:11.40]Here, in this room in Nanjing, they negotiated the first of what the Chinese call, "The Unequal Treaties".在南京的这间屋子里，他们谈判签订了中国人所说的第一个“不平等条约”。
[03:34.64]So, power had come from the barrel of a gun.所谓枪杆子里出强权。
[03:38.39]The British had got what they wanted - trading rights, silver and a foothold in China, five treaty ports on the Chinese coast.英国人得到了他们想要的贸易权和白银，以及在中国的立足点，五个中国沿海的通商口岸。
[03:49.31]The treaty was signed out on the Yangtze River, in the admiral's cabin of HMS Cornwallis, 条约是在长江边上的康华丽号司令舱中签署的，
[03:55.73]and so began what has come to be seen as China's century of humiliation.这也被认为是中国百年耻辱的开端。
[04:04.30]And, as Dr Tian Jian explained to me, that time has left its mark on China till today.田健博士向我解释说，那段时期至今仍然影响着中国。
[04:37.75]History, the Chinese say, is a mirror.中国人说：以史为镜。
[04:43.46]In Chinese history, every dynasty has reached a peak and then declined and needed outside influence to bring change.中国历史上，每个朝代都会盛极一时然后走向衰落，然后需要外界刺激才会做出改变。
[04:51.38]This time, the catalyst was the British.而这次的催化剂就是英国。
[04:58.60]Among the treaty ports was a small town that would become the greatest city on earth, Shanghai, and an uninhabited island, Hong Kong.条约中开放的口岸中有个小城镇，后来成为世界最大城市的上海，还有座当时无人定居的小岛香港。
[05:08.41]And all this was the unintended consequence of the first opium war.所有这些都是第一次鸦片战争意外的结果。
[05:13.69]All there was here was a few wooded islands and promontories, a couple of native fishing villages, 当时这里就只有些树木繁茂的岛屿和海峡，几处当地渔村，
[05:19.10]and a wonderful anchorage, which is why the British wanted it, and it would become one of the greatest trading cities in the world.以及一处优良的停泊口岸，英国就是为了这个港口，而这里将会成为世界上最大的商业城市之一。
[05:30.60]So, out of these traumatic events would come new forces and new ideas that would transform China in the modern age in ways no-one could have foreseen back in 1841.所以在这些创痛之外，也带来了新的动力和新的理念，使中国进入到现代，而在1841年谁也预见不到这种转变方式。
[05:48.78]Next time, the end of the empire, civil war and revolution, and the amazing transformation of modern China.下一集：帝国的末日，内战与革命，以及现代中国的惊艳转型。

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BBC中国故事 第五集 明朝 Part16 第一次鸦片战争，香港割让

BBC中国故事第五集明朝 Part16 第一次鸦片战争，香港割让