Ted演讲：如何激发每个孩子成为终生阅读者？

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[00:00.19]...
[00:07.95]As an elementary school teacher, my mom did everything she could to ensure I had good reading skills. 我母亲作为一名小学教师，竭尽所能以确保我有良好的阅读能力。
[00:20.15]This usually consisted of weekend reading lessons at our kitchen table while my friends played outside. 她通常在周末时在餐桌前教我阅读，而此时我的朋友们在外玩耍。
[00:26.78]My reading ability improved, but these forced reading lessons didn't exactly inspire a love of reading. 我的阅读能力提高了，但这种强迫式的阅读教学并没有激发我对阅读的热爱。
[00:35.11]High school changed everything. 到高中时，这一切改变了。
[00:38.20]In 10th grade, my regular English class read short stories and did spelling tests. 在十年级时，我的常规英文课要求阅读短篇故事和测试拼写。
[00:44.71]Out of sheer boredom, I asked to be switched into another class. 因为感觉实在无聊，我要求转去另一门课。
[00:48.41]The next semester, I joined advanced English. 在下一个学期，我加入了高阶英语课。
[00:52.23](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[00:53.26]We read two novels and wrote two book reports that semester. 那学期，我们要读两本小说并写两篇读书报告。
[00:57.42]The drastic difference and rigor between these two English classes angered me and spurred questions like, "Where did all these white people come from?" 	这两门英语课之间的巨大差异和严格程度让我很生气也引发了像这样的问题，“这些白人是从哪来的？”
[01:07.56](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[01:08.87]My high school was over 70 percent black and Latino, but this advanced English class had white students everywhere. 黑裔和拉丁美洲裔学生在我的高中占学生总数的70%，但这门高阶英语课上遍布着白人学生
[01:17.56]This personal encounter with institutionalized racism altered my relationship with reading forever. 这样的制度化种族主义的个人遭遇永久地改变了我与阅读的关系。
[01:24.60]I learned that I couldn't depend on a school, a teacher or curriculum to teach me what I needed to know. 我发现我不能依赖于一个学校，一位老师或课程来教我那些我需要知道的。
[01:30.75]And more out of like, rebellion, than being intellectual, I decided I would no longer allow other people to dictate when and what I read. 主要因为叛逆，而非理智，我决定我再也不会让其他人来决定我应该在何时阅读以及阅读什么。
[01:41.35]And without realizing it, I had stumbled upon a key to helping children read. 我已偶然发现了一把帮助孩子阅读的钥匙，虽然我当时并没有意识到这一点。
[01:46.93]Identity. 那就是认同。
[01:48.53]Instead of fixating on skills and moving students from one reading level to another, or forcing struggling readers to memorize lists of unfamiliar words, 不应只专注于技能和将学生从一个阅读级别升到下一级，或逼迫阅读有困难的学生去记忆不熟悉的字列，
[02:00.32]we should be asking ourselves this question: How can we inspire children to identify as readers? 	我们应当问我们自己这个问题：我们如何启发孩子们认同自己是阅读者？
[02:09.53]DeSean, a brilliant first-grader I taught in the Bronx, he helped me understand how identity shapes learning. 迪翔，一位我在布朗克斯区教过的聪明的一年级学生，他帮助我懂得了认同感如何塑造学习行为。
[02:18.32]One day during math, I walk up to DeSean, and I say, "DeSean, you're a great mathematician." 有一天在数学课上，我走向迪翔，说，“迪翔，你是个很棒的数学家。”
[02:25.19]He looks at me and responds, "I'm not a mathematician, I'm a math genius!"	他看着我回答说，“我不是个数学家，我是个数学天才！”
[02:30.20](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[02:31.39]OK DeSean, right? Reading? Completely different story. 好吧，迪翔，是吧？阅读呢？情形完全不同。
[02:37.36]"Mr. Irby, I can't read. I'm never going to learn to read," he would say. 他说：“尔比先生，我不会阅读。我永远也学不会阅读。”
[02:41.45]I taught DeSean to read, but there are countless black boys who remain trapped in illiteracy. 我教会了迪翔去阅读，但有无数黑人男孩们仍然是文盲。
[02:50.22]According to the US Department of Education, more than 85 percent of black male fourth graders are not proficient in reading. 85 percent! 根据美国教育部统计，超过85%的四年级黑人学生不擅长阅读。85%！
[03:01.80]The more challenges to reading children face, the more culturally competent educators need to be. 孩子们面对的阅读挑战越多，教育者们所需要的文化能力越高。
[03:10.42]Moonlighting as a stand-up comedian for the past eight years, I understand the importance of cultural competency, 在过去八年兼职做喜剧演员时，我了解到文化能力的重要性，
[03:17.92]which I define as the ability to translate what you want someone else to know or be able to do into communication or experiences that they find relevant and engaging. 我认为这种能力可以把你想要别人知道或能够做到的，翻译成他们认为与之有关且愿意参与的交流或体验。
[03:30.79]Before going on stage, I assess an audience. 在上台之前，我会评估观众。
[03:33.35]Are they white, are they Latino? Are they old, young, professional, conservative? 他们是白人？拉丁美洲人？他们年长、年轻、专业、还是保守？
[03:39.75]Then I curate and modify my jokes based on what I think would generate the most laughter. 然后我会策划和修改我的笑话依据我对怎样能引发更多笑声的考量。
[03:45.60]While performing in a church, I could tell bar jokes. But that might not result in laughter. 我在教堂表演时可以说个酒吧笑话。但可能根本没人会笑。
[03:52.98](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[03:54.20]As a society, we're creating reading experiences for children that are the equivalent of telling bar jokes in a church. 在社会环境中，我们为孩子们创造阅读体验就像是在教堂里讲酒吧笑话。
[04:02.99]And then we wonder why so many children don't read. 然后我们纳闷为什么这么多孩子不阅读。
[04:06.32]Educator and philosopher Paulo Freire believed that teaching and learning should be two-way. 教育家兼哲学家保罗・弗莱雷相信教和学应该是双向的。
[04:13.50]Students shouldn't be viewed as empty buckets to be filled with facts but as cocreators of knowledge. 学生们不应被看作是需要被填满事实的空桶，而应是知识的共同创作者。
[04:20.17]Cookie-cutter curriculums and school policies that require students to sit statue-still or to work in complete silence -- these environments often exclude the individual learning needs, the interest and expertise of children. 一刀切的课程和学校政策要求学生端坐或保持安静――这些环境通常抑制了孩子们的个体学习需求、兴趣和专长。
[04:38.52]Especially black boys. 尤其是黑人男孩们。
[04:40.94]Many of the children's books promoted to black boys focus on serious topics, like slavery, civil rights and biographies. 很多给黑人男孩的儿童书籍都聚焦在诸如奴隶制、公民权利和传记这样的严肃主题。
[04:49.40]Less than two percent of teachers in the United States are black males. 黑人男性在美国教师中占比不到2%。
[04:54.10]And a majority of black boys are raised by single mothers. 大多数黑人男孩由单亲母亲抚养。
[04:57.51]There are literally young black boys who have never seen a black man reading. 甚至还有黑人男孩从来没见过一个黑人男性阅读。
[05:02.95]Or never had a black man encourage him to read. 或从来没有被一个黑人男性去鼓励阅读。
[05:07.91]What cultural factors, what social cues are present that would lead a young black boy to conclude that reading is even something he should do? 	有什么文化因素、社会诱因来使得一个黑人男孩觉得阅读是一件他应该做的事？
[05:18.74]This is why I created Barbershop Books. 这是为什么我创立了理发店书籍（BarbershopBooks）。
[05:23.20]It's a literacy nonprofit that creates child-friendly reading spaces in barber shops. 这是一个扫盲的非营利组织旨在理发店里创造对孩子们友好的阅读空间。
[05:30.83]The mission is simple: to help young black boys identify as readers. 使命很简单：就是帮助年少的黑人男孩认同自己是阅读者。
[05:36.51]Lots of black boys go to the barber shop once or twice a month. 很多黑人男孩每月去理发店一两次。
[05:41.30]Some see their barbers more than they see their fathers. 有些孩子见到理发师的次数比见到他们父亲的次数还多。
[05:45.44]Barbershop Books connects reading to a male-centered space and involves black men and boys' early reading experiences. 理发店连接着阅读和以男性为主导的空间并让黑人男性参与到男孩早期阅读体验中。
[05:54.48]This identity-based reading program uses a curated list of children's books recommended by black boys. 这个基于认同的阅读计划使用由黑人男孩推荐的儿童书籍清单。
[06:01.71]These are the books that they actually want to read. 这些是他们想要去读的书。
[06:04.44]Scholastic's 2016 Kids and Family Report found that the number one thing children look for when choosing a book is a book that will make them laugh. 学者出版社（Scholastic）2016年的儿童与家庭报告发现孩子们在选书时首先会找让他们发笑的书。
[06:17.99]So if we're serious about helping black boys and other children to read when it's not required,  所以如果我们真要帮助黑人男孩和其他孩子去主动阅读，而不是强迫阅读时，
[06:26.24]we need to incorporate relevant male reading models into early literacy 我们需要将相关的男性阅读模型融入到早期识字学习中。
[06:30.82]and exchange some of the children's books that adults love so much for funny, silly or even gross books, like "Gross Greg". 有些儿童书籍成人们也非常喜欢那些有趣、愚蠢、甚至恶心的书，像《恶心的格雷》（GrossGreg）。
[06:41.18](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[06:42.72]You call them boogers. Greg calls them delicious little sugars. “你称它为鼻屎。格雷称它为美味的小糖。“
[06:50.74](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[06:52.10]That laugh, that positive reaction or gross reaction some of you just had, 	那些笑声、正面的反应，或你们有些人觉得恶心的反应，
[06:58.49](Laughter) 	（笑声）
[06:59.35]black boys deserve and desperately need more of that. 黑人男孩应该有，并迫切需要更多。
[07:03.81]Dismantling the savage inequalities that plague American education requires us to create reading experiences that inspire all children to say three words: I'm a reader. 消除困扰着美国教育的野蛮不平等需要我们创造阅读体验来激发所有孩子们说出这些词：我是阅读者。
[07:18.40]Thank you. 谢谢。
[07:19.82](Applause) 	（掌声）

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Ted演讲：如何激发每个孩子成为终生阅读者？