Ted演讲：为什么噪音有害健康你又该如何应对？

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[00:05.69]...
[00:13.19]Do you hear that? Do you know what that is? Silence. 你们听到了吗？你们知道那是什么吗？寂静。
[00:26.33]The sound of silence. Simon and Garfunkel wrote a song about it. 那是寂静的声音。西蒙和加芬克尔二人为它写过一首歌，（《寂静之声》）
[00:31.55]But silence is a pretty rare commodity these days, and we're all paying a price for it in terms of our health --a surprisingly big price, as it turns out. 但现如今寂静变得尤其罕见，而我们都在为此付出的代价――尤其是在健康上，而且是非常巨大的代价。
[00:41.64]Luckily, there are things we can do right now, both individually and as a society, 幸运的是，我们现在还是可以做些什么，不管是个人还是社会，
[00:49.30]to better protect our healthand give us more of the benefits of the sounds of silence. 来保护我们的健康，以及让我们享受到更多寂静带来的好处。
[00:55.15]I assume that most of you know that too much noise is bad for your hearing. 我想大部分人应该知道过多的噪音对听力会有损害，
[01:00.80]Whenever you leave a concert or a bar and you have that ringing in your ears, you can be certain that you have done some damage to your hearing, likely permanent. 你在离开一个演唱会或者酒吧的时候，如果耳中还有余音，那你的听力肯定已经受到损害了，而且很可能是永久性的。
[01:09.30]And that's very important. 这很重要。
[01:10.99]However, noise affects our health in many different ways beyond hearing. 不过，噪音对健康的影响远不止于听力，
[01:16.17]They're less well-known, but they're just as dangerous as the auditory effects. 这些影响不为人所知，但却和听觉受损同样危险。
[01:21.49]So what do we mean when we talk about noise? 所以，当我们在谈论噪音时，究竟在谈论什么？
[01:25.60]Well, noise is defined as unwanted sound, and as such, both has a physical component, the sound, and a psychological component, the circumstances that make the sound unwanted. 噪音是“不被欢迎的声音”，它包括物理层面，即声音本身，以及心理层面，即该声音不受欢迎的原因。
[01:37.55]A very good example is a rock concert. 摇滚乐演唱会就是个很好的例子，
[01:40.16]A person attending the rock concert, being exposed to 100 decibels, does not think of the music as noise. 参加摇滚演唱会的人会被100分贝的声音环绕，但却不认为那是噪音。
[01:47.26]This person likes the band, and even paid a hundred dollars for the ticket, 他喜欢那个乐队，甚至花了100美元买票。
[01:51.67]so no matter how loud the music, this person doesn't think of it as noise. 所以不管音乐有多大声，他也不会认为那是噪音。
[01:55.34]In contrast, think of a person living three blocks away from the concert hall. 反过来，想想住在演唱会场馆三个街区以外的一个人，
[02:01.10]That person is trying to read a book, but cannot concentrate because of the music. 他正想看书，但因为音乐声而无法集中注意力，
[02:06.50]And although the sound pressure levels are much lower in this situation, this person still thinks of the music as noise, 尽管在这里，音量已经小了很多，但他仍然会认为这是噪音，
[02:13.25]and it may trigger reactions that can, in the long run, have health consequences. 而且还可能触发引起长期健康问题的反应。
[02:19.21]So why are quiet spaces so important? 所以为什么安静的地方如此重要？
[02:23.83]Because noise affects our health in so many ways beyond hearing. 因为噪音对我们的影响远远大于听力损害。
[02:28.39]However, it's becoming increasingly difficult to find quiet spacesin times of constantly increasing traffic, 但是，现在要想找到安静的地方难上加难，交通更拥挤，
[02:38.71]growing urbanization, construction sites, air-conditioning units, leaf blowers, lawnmowers, 城市化加速，到处工程施工、空调运作，还有吹叶机和除草机的声音，
[02:45.27]outdoor concerts and bars, personal music players, and your neighbors partying until 3am. Whew!	包括户外音乐会和酒吧、独立音乐演奏者，你的邻居还夜夜笙歌至凌晨三点，呼！
[02:51.59]In 2011, the World Health Organization estimated that 1.6 million healthy life years are lost every yeardue to exposure to environmental noise in the Western European member states alone. ・2011年，世界健康组织预计，每年人们的健康生命年总损失达160万年，仅仅因为环境噪音，而这还只算了西欧国家。
[03:07.18]One important effect of noise is that it disturbs communication. 噪音的一大影响是它阻碍了沟通，
[03:12.22]You may have to raise your voice to be understood. 人们需要提高音量来让别人听到，
[03:15.62]In extreme cases, you may even have to pause the conversation. 在极端情况下，你可能还要中断对话。
[03:18.88]It's also more likely to be misunderstood in a noisy environment. 而在嘈杂环境中，人们也更容易被误解。
[03:23.25]These are all likely reasons why studies have foundthat children who attend schools in noisy areas are more likely to lag behind their peers in academic performance. 因此，研究发现，在嘈杂地区上学的儿童，更倾向于在学术表现上比同龄人落后。
[03:34.35]Another very important health effect of noise is the increased risk for cardiovascular disease in those who are exposed to relevant noise levels for prolonged periods of time. 另一个重要的噪音带来的健康影响是，它会提高人们得心血管疾病的几率，尤其是那些在较高噪音水平中，生活了很长时间的人。
[03:46.59]Noise is stress, especially if we have little or no control over it. 噪音带来压力，尤其是在我们无法控制噪音的情况下。
[03:51.42]Our body excretes stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol that lead to changes in the composition of our blood and in the structure of our blood vessels, 我们的身体会分泌荷尔蒙，如肾上腺素和皮质醇，它们会改变我们的血液组成，还会改变我们的血管架构，
[04:00.86]which have been shown to be stiffer after a single night of noise exposure. 比如当我们经历了一晚的噪音后，血管就会变硬。
[04:05.16]Epidemiological studies show associations between the noise exposure and an increased risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and stroke, 流行病学研究发现，噪音会带来高血压的风险，以及心脏病发作、中风等风险，
[04:15.51]and although the overall risk increases are relatively small, this still constitutes a major public health problem because noise is so ubiquitous, 虽然这样的风险增加度不高，但这仍然是影响大众健康状况的很大因素。
[04:24.85]and so many people are exposed to relevant noise levels. 因为噪音无处不在，太多人一直在不同程度的噪音当中。
[04:27.92]A recent study found that US society could save 3.9 billion dollars each year by lowering environmental noise exposure by five decibels, just by saving costs for treating cardiovascular disease. 近期一个研究发现，美国每年可以省下39亿美元，只要把环境噪音降低5分贝，而这也是为治疗心血管疾病省下成本。
[04:44.00]There are other diseases like cancer, diabetes and obesity that have been linked to noise exposure, 还有其它疾病如癌症、糖尿病和肥胖症，它们都和噪音暴露有关系。
[04:51.40]but we do not have enough evidence yet to, in fact, conclude that these diseases are caused by the noise. 但我们目前实际上还没有足够的证据，来说明这些疾病是由噪音造成的。
[04:57.76]Yet another important effect of noise is sleep disturbance. 噪音另一个重要影响是睡眠，
[05:01.90]Sleep is a very active mechanism that recuperates usand prepares us for the next wake period. 睡眠是一个非常活跃的机制，来为我们恢复活力，让我们准备好迎接下一个清醒时段。
[05:07.69]A quiet bedroom is a cornerstone of what sleep researchers call a good sleep hygiene. 一个安静的房间是一些研究者口中的“一个好觉”的基石。
[05:14.23]And our auditory system has a watchman function. 我们的听力系统有一个“看门人”的功能，
[05:17.70]It's constantly monitoring our environment for threats, even while we're sleeping. 它持续地检测着我们所处的环境中是否有威胁，即便是在我们睡觉的时候。
[05:22.28]So noise in the bedroom can cause a delay in the time it takes us to fall asleep, 所以房间里的噪音会延迟我们的入睡时间，
[05:28.18]it can wake us up during the night, and it can prevent our blood pressure from going down during the night. 还会让我们在半夜醒来，它会阻碍我们的血压在夜晚降低。
[05:34.59]We have the hypothesis that if these noise-induced sleep disturbances continue for months and years, then an increased risk for cardiovascular disease is likely the consequence. 我们有个假设，如果这种被噪音性睡眠障碍持续几个月或几年，那么心血管疾病的发病概率将会提高。
[05:44.93]However, we are often not aware of these noise-induced sleep disturbances, because we are unconscious while we're sleeping. 然而，我们常常无法意识到这些噪音性睡眠障碍的存在，因为我们在睡觉时没有意识。
[05:52.37]In the past, we've done studies on the effects of traffic noise on sleep, and research subjects would often wake up in the morning and say, 我们曾经对在交通噪音环境中睡觉的人做过研究，研究对象们经常在早晨起来后说，
[05:59.74]Ah, I had a wonderful night, I fell asleep right away, never really woke up. “啊，我昨晚睡得很好，马上睡着了，中途也没有醒。”
[06:03.99]"When we would go back to the physiological signals we had recorded during the night, we would often see numerous awakenings and a severely fragmented sleep structure. 但当我们回头看各种前晚记录的身体数据时，我们常常看到大量的身体唤醒，以及严重片段化的睡眠结构。
[06:14.43]These awakenings were too brief for the subjects to regain consciousness and to remember them during the next morning, 这些唤醒太短，不至于让被研究者恢复意识，或者在第二天早上还能记得。
[06:23.12]but they may nevertheless have a profound impacton how restful our sleep is. 但它们将会带来深远的影响，决定了我们的睡眠带来的休息价值有多少。
[06:28.40]So when is loud too loud? A所以什么时候声音才算过大？
[06:31.81]a good sign of too loud is once you start changing your behavior. 一个很好的信号是，你开始改变你的行为。
[06:36.30]You may have to raise your voice to be understood, or you increase the volume of your TV. 比如你可能要更大声地说话以让别人理解，或者你开始增加电视音量，
[06:41.90]You're avoiding outside areas, or you're closing your window. 你开始避开户外区域，关上窗户，
[06:45.63]You're moving your bedroom to the basement of the house, or you even have sound insulation installed. 你把你的卧室移到地下室，或者你甚至装上了隔音设备。
[06:50.87]Many people will move away to less noisy areas, but obviously not everybody can afford that. 很多人会搬到更少噪音的地方去，但显然不是所有人都可以负担得起。
[06:57.10]So what can we do right now to improve our sound environment and to better protect our health? 所以我们可以做些什么来改善声音环境呢，从而保护我们的健康呢？
[07:05.35]Well, first of all, if something's too loud, speak up. 第一，如果你感觉太吵，就要表达意见。
[07:09.79]For example, many owners of movie theaters seem to think that only people hard of hearing are still going to the movies. 比如，很多电影院的老板，好像都以为只有听力不好的人才去电影院，
[07:17.13]If you complain about the noise and nothing happens, demand a refund and leave. 如果你抱怨过它的噪音但没有效果，你可以要求退款或者直接离开，
[07:22.57]That's the language that managers typically do understand. 电影院的经理肯定会明白你传达的信息的。
[07:25.89]Also, talk to your children about the health effects of noise and that listening to loud music today will have consequences when they're older. 你还可以教导你的孩子们关于噪音对健康的影响，他们现在大声地听音乐，以后他们将为此付出代价。
[07:34.23]You can also move your bedroom to the quiet side of the house, where your own building shields you from road traffic noise. 你也可以把你的卧室移到房子比较安静的地方，你的房子本身就可以为你阻挡一部分的交通噪音。
[07:41.80]If you're looking to rent or buy a new place, make low noise a priority. 如果你正在寻找新的房子，把安静和噪音少作为首选条件，
[07:46.32]Visit the property during different times of the day and talk to the neighbors about noise. 在一天的不同时间参观房子，和邻居讨论一下噪音。
[07:51.82]You can wear noise-canceling headphones when you're traveling or if your office has high background noise levels. 在旅行的时候，你可以戴降噪耳机，如果你的办公室有强噪音环境，也可以戴。
[08:00.17]In general, seek out quiet spaces, especially on the weekend or when you're on vacation. 总的来说，寻找安静的地方，尤其是在周末或你正在休假的时候，
[08:06.65]Allow your system to wind down. 让你的身体系统放松。
[08:09.63]I, very appropriately for this talk, attended a noise conference in Japan four years ago. 和这次演讲十分呼应的是，四年前，我在日本参加了一个有关噪音的会议，
[08:15.50]When I returned to the United States and entered the airport, a wall of sound hit me. 当我回到美国，进入机场时，无数声音像墙一样向我袭来。
[08:21.86]This tells you that we don't realize anymorethe constant degree of noise pollution we're exposed toand how much we could profit from more quiet spaces. 这告诉我们，我们不再对噪音污染的暴露感到敏感，而且也不再意识到安静的环境可以给我们带来多大的好处。
[08:30.72]What else can we do about noise? 我们还能做些什么？
[08:34.70]Well, very much like a carbon footprint, we all have a noise footprint, and there are things we can do to make that noise footprint smaller. 正如二氧化碳足迹一样，我们也有噪音足迹，而这些是我们可以缩小噪音足迹的方式。
[08:41.72]For example, don't start mowing your lawn at 7am on a Saturday morning. 比如，不要在周六早上七点就开始除草，
[08:47.50]Your neighbors will thank you. 你的邻居会感谢你的。
[08:49.50]Or use a rake instead of a leaf blower. 或者你可以用耙子而不是吹叶机。
[08:52.26]In general, noise reduction at the source makes the most sense, so whenever you're looking to buy a new car, air-conditioning unit, blender, you name it, make low noise a priority. 总的来说，从源头减少噪音是最合理的，所以当你在考虑买新车，买空调，买搅拌机，或者其它什么的时候，把低噪音作为一个首选条件。
[09:04.13]Many manufacturers will list the noise levels their devices generate, and some even advertise with them. 很多制造商会把低噪音水平考虑到设备生产中，有些甚至会以此作为广告亮点，
[09:10.90]Use that information. 好好利用这样的信息。
[09:12.60]Many people think that stronger noise regulation and enforcement are good ideas, even obvious solutions, perhaps, 很多认为有力的噪音法规和执行是好的方法，甚至可能觉得这才是最明显的解决方式，
[09:19.49]but it's not as easy as you may think, because many of the activities that generate noise also generate revenue. 但这不像人们想象中简单。因为许多带来噪音的活动，同样带来收入。
[09:26.74]Think about an airport and all the business that is associated with it. 想想机场带来的商业效应就知道了。
[09:31.64]Our research tells politicians at what noise level they can expect a certain health effect, and that helps inform better noise policy. 我们的研究也告诉政治家们，怎样的噪音水平会带来怎样的健康效应，这会帮助更有效的噪音政策出台。
[09:40.93]Robert Koch supposedly once said, One day, mankind will fight noise as relentlessly as cholera and the pest. 细菌学家罗泊特・科赫曾说，“总有一天，人类和噪音的斗争会像他们和霍乱、害虫的斗争一样残酷。”
[09:49.77]I think we're there, and I hope that we will win this fight, and when we do, we can all have a nice, quiet celebration. 我想这一天已经来到了，我希望我们可以赢得这场斗争，而当这实现时，我们可以举行一次美好的、安静的庆祝活动。
[09:59.50](Laughter)	（笑声）
[10:00.20]Thank you. 谢谢。
[10:00.91](Applause)	（掌声）

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Ted演讲：为什么噪音有害健康 你又该如何应对？

Ted演讲：为什么噪音有害健康你又该如何应对？