Hello and welcome to another Words and Their Stories.Today we are talking about expressions to describe peoplewho are not in their right minds.People who are not in their right minds are not thinking in a normal, healthy way.You might say they are brainwashed.Word experts say the word "brainwash"came into American English in the 1950s after the Korean War.According to reports, 24 American soldiersheld in a Chinese prison-of-war campchose to stay in China after the ceasefire.At that time, people in the American media and public could not understandwhy these young men did not want to return to the United States.So, they used the English translation of a Chinese wordto describe what they believed had happened.The Chinese word is xǐ nǎo (洗脑).Xǐ (洗) means "wash" and nǎo (脑) means "brain."The American public claimed the Chinese brainwashed the soldiersinto preferring China over the United States.They said Chinese officials used force and fearto make the soldiers believe that China was good and the U.S. was bad.Now, that is a dark story on several levels.But don't worry. You can use the word "brainwash"without starting an international incident.In fact, few people even know the origin of the word.Today, "brainwash" is used in both informal and formal situations.For example, let's say your friend takes a college course with a very charismatic professor.He uses his good looks, powerful personality and persuasive argumentsto convince the class of mostly women that he knows best and is always right.Your friend becomes obsessed with him.She begins to repeat his words all the timeand has changed her opinions to go along with his.You could say, she i s brainwashed.To gaslight someone is also a type of brainwashing.A gaslight is a light powered by gas.They were common before electricity was wired into people homes and neighborhoods.So, why is gaslight a type of brainwashing?This expression comes from the film "Gaslight" starring the actress Ingrid Bergman.Bergman marries a man who wants to convince her that she is crazy.He does this by dimming the gaslights in their London home.And then he pretends he doesn't notice.The husband also plays other tricks on his wifethat make her doubt her memory and her sanity.To gaslight someone is a form of psychological abuse.It is when false information is given to a personin the hopes of making them doubt their own memory or perception of an event.It can even be used, as in the movie,to make a person think they are going insane."Gaslighting" is most common in very close relationships.For example, let's say your best friend is dating a really bad guy.You don't like him or trust him.In fact, you have caught him lying to your friend several times.Once on her birthday, he claimed he was home sick in bed.However, you saw him that later that night in a restaurant with another woman!You tell your friend and she confronts him about the lie.He uses clever excuses to explain himself.He says he was never out and accuses your friend of being jealous.Your friend leaves the conversation feeling bad about herselffor accusing her boyfriend and mad at you for making her doubt him.You could say to her, "You are so foolishly in love with this guy,that you can't see that he is gaslighting you! Wake up!!You can also say to someone who you think is trying to play mind games with you,"Look, don't try to gaslight me. I am on to you!!"But we usually the term when talking about other people.If you are a victim of brainwashing or gaslighting you probably won't know it.That is, after all, the whole point.