diacritic grapheme附加字素;外加字素
haha grapheme字素
grapheme segmentation字母分割
grapheme alienation字形异化
Grapheme Cluster字形群集;字素群;字形簇
grapheme recognition字母识别
grapheme e语义图符
grapheme detail书写单位
grapheme-phoneme correspondence形音对应
To the stage of lishu, regular script, the semi-symbolic and symbolic characters are formed in great number through the simplification and erroneous transformation of grapheme, they influenced on configuration of Chinese characters greatly.
到隶、楷书阶段，字形进一步简化和讹变，记号、半记号字大量出现，对汉字构形产生了深远的影响。
参考来源 - 语音中介在阅读与默写中的作用N（名词） one of a set of orthographic symbols (letters or combinations of letters) in a given language that serve to distinguish one word from another and usually correspond to or represent phonemes, e.g. the f in fun, the ph in phantom, and the gh in laugh 字母 [linguistics]